Letter 201.2

To Antoninus Augustus, from Fronto. 1. To this old man and, as you call him, your master, good health, a good year, good fortune, every good thing: all that you write you have prayed the gods to grant me on this my birthday, the most solemn day of the year for you. All those things rest, for me, in you and in your brother, Antoninus, sweetest darling of my heart; for ever since I came to know you and gave myself over to you both, I have held nothing dearer than you, nor can I, even were I to live again from the beginning as many further years as I have already lived. Let us therefore beg this one thing of the gods with our prayers joined together: that you may both pass a long span of life, unharmed and flourishing, exercising your power prosperously for the good of the state and of your own household. Nor is there anything besides this that I could so greatly long to obtain, whether from the gods, or from Lucky Fortune, or from your own selves, as that it may be granted me, as long as possible, to enjoy the sight of you, your conversation, and your letters so delightful; and to this end, were it possible, I pray to become a boy again. 2. For as to everything else, I have had life enough. I see you, Antoninus, an emperor as outstanding as I hoped, as just and as blameless as I guaranteed, as pleasing and welcome to the Roman People as I wished, as devoted to me as I wanted, as eloquent as you yourself wished to be. For as soon as you began once more to have the will for it, your having for a time lacked the will did no harm at all. I see, too, that you are both becoming more eloquent every day, and I rejoice as if I were still your master. For while I love and embrace all your virtues, I confess nonetheless that I take my chief and peculiar joy from your eloquence. Just as parents, when they discern in their children's faces the features of their own countenance, so I, when in your speeches I notice the marks of our school, "and Leto rejoiced in her heart" [Homer, of a mother's joy at her child]; for in my own words I cannot express the force of my joy. 3. Nor let that recollection press upon you, nor distress you in the least, that you are conscious of not having devoted unbroken effort to eloquence. For the matter stands thus: whoever, endowed with great talent, has been led and instructed from the outset along the straight road to eloquence, even if at times he has slackened or come to a halt, as soon as it seems good to him to set forth and press on again, will complete that journey once begun, more slowly perhaps, yet by no means less surely. And believe me in this: of all the men I have ever known, I have found no one furnished with a richer talent than yours. This indeed I used to swear to, amid great quarrel with our Victorinus and to his great bile, when I denied that he could aspire to the beauty of your talent. Then that Rusticus Romanus of mine, who would gladly hand over and devote his own life for your little fingernail, nevertheless, on the question of talent, gave way unwillingly and with sadness, only with difficulty. 4. You had one danger, Antoninus, the same that all who have stood out for lofty talent have faced: that you might fall short in the abundance and beauty of your words; for the loftier the thoughts that are produced, the harder they are to clothe in words, and one must labor not a little so that those tall thoughts may not be ill-clad, nor too unbecomingly girt, nor left half-naked. 5. Do you remember that speech of yours which you delivered in the Senate when you had scarcely passed out of boyhood? In it, when you had used the image of a little wineskin to suit your illustration, you were anxiously afraid that you had employed the image too little in keeping with the dignity of the place and of the senatorial order; and I wrote you that first, rather long letter of mine, in which I prophesied what is in fact the case: that it is a mark of great ability to take up boldly the risks involved in thoughts of that kind, but that what was needed for this you would attain, by your own zeal and by some effort of mine, namely that you would furnish lights of words worthy of such great thoughts. And now you see that this has come about; and although you do not always set sail toward eloquence with your fullest resources, yet you have held your course with topsails and oars, and as soon as necessity has driven you to spread your canvas, you easily sail past all the devotees of eloquence as though they were skiffs and cutters. 6. I was prompted to write all this by your most recent letter, in which you wrote that whatever you had learned was gradually fading away; whereas to me, on the contrary, what you have learned seems now to be flourishing and growing to maturity more than ever. Or do you fail to notice with how much eagerness, with how much favor and pleasure the Senate and the Roman People listen to you when you speak? And I pledge that the more often they hear you, the more passionately they will love you: so many and so winning are the charms of your talent, your countenance, your voice, and your eloquence. Was there, I wonder, a single one of the earlier emperors (for I prefer to compare you with emperors rather than compare you with the living), was there one of them who used these figures which the Greeks call schemata [rhetorical figures]? Not to reach too far back: even at the most recent meeting of the Senate, when you were recounting the grave case of the people of Cyzicus, you so figured your speech—the figure the Greeks call paraleipsis ["passing over," mentioning a thing by professing to omit it]—that by passing over you nevertheless spoke, and by speaking you nevertheless passed over. In this many things at once deserve praise: first, that you most learnedly grasped that the grave hardships of the allies were not to be exaggerated by a continuous, direct, or lengthy speech, yet were to be pointed out the more earnestly, so that they might appear worthy of the Senate's mercy and aid. Then you set forth the whole matter so briefly and so forcibly that the fewest words contained everything the case required, so that the earth did not stir that city more swiftly or violently than your speech stirred the minds of your hearers. Do you recognize the form of the Tullian sentence [in the manner of Cicero]: "so that the earth did not stir that city more swiftly or violently than your speech stirred the minds of your hearers"? Just as each man who is desperately in love with someone kisses even his beloved's little moles. 7. But believe me, you now hold a most ample place in eloquence, and before long you will reach its very summit, and from there you will speak to us from higher ground—and not higher only by as much as the Rostra stand above the Forum and the Comitium, but by as much as the yardarms stand above the prow, or rather the keel. Above all, I rejoice that you do not snatch up the words that lie ready to hand, but seek out the best. For in this the supreme orator differs from the middling ones: that the rest are easily content with good words, while the supreme orator is not content with good ones, if there are any better. 8. But these things, at a fixed place and time, I will either write to you at greater length or discuss with you face to face. As you wished, my Lord, and as my health required, I have stayed at home, and have prayed for you that you may celebrate prosperously many birthdays of your children. As for our little chick [Marcus Aurelius's young child], his slight cough will be quieted both by a milder day and by his nurse, if she eats more suitable foods; for all remedies and all cures for soothing the throats of infants reside in the milk. 9. In your Cyzicus speech, when you were praying to the gods, you added, "and if it is permitted, I beseech you [obsecro]," which I do not recall having read. For it was the people or the jurors who used to be beseeched and re-besought [obsecrari, resecrari]; but perhaps my memory has failed me: do you look into it more carefully. 10. I too am troubled by a slight cough and by a pain in my right hand—a moderate one, to be sure, but one that has hindered me from writing a longer letter in reply; so I have dictated it. 11. Since mention has been made of paraleipsis, I will not omit to share with you what I have, as a student, noticed about that figure. Of neither the Greek nor the Roman orators whom I have read has anyone used this figure more elegantly than Marcus Porcius [Cato the Elder] in that speech which is entitled On His Own Expenditure, in which he speaks thus: "I ordered the volume to be brought out in which my speech had been written on this matter, concerning the agreement I had made with M. Cornelius. The tablets were brought out; the good deeds of my ancestors were read through; then what I had done for the state was read. When that had been read through, there was next written in the speech: 'Never have I lavished money, neither my own nor the allies', for the sake of currying favor.' 'Hold! No, no, do not write that down,' I said: 'they do not wish to hear it.' Then he recited: 'Never have I imposed prefects upon the towns of your allies, to plunder their goods and their children.' 'Delete that too: they do not wish to hear it. Read on.' 'Never have I divided plunder, nor what had been captured from the enemy, nor spoils, among a few friends, so as to snatch it from those who had taken it.' 'Delete that too: they want that said no less than the rest; there is no need—I will read on.' 'Never have I granted a travel-warrant whereby my friends might, through passes, seize great sums of money.' 'Go on and delete that too, this very moment.' 'Never have I distributed silver in place of the wine-dole among the attendants and friends, nor made them rich to the public harm.' 'Indeed, delete that right down to the wood [i.e., the bare tablet].' Pray see in what condition the state is, when the very thing I had done well for the state, for which I had earned gratitude, I now do not dare to recall, lest it become a cause of resentment. So has it come about that doing ill may be done with impunity, but doing well may not be done with impunity." 12. This form of paraleipsis is new, and, as far as I know, has been employed by no one else. For he [Cato] orders the tablets to be read, and what has been read he orders to be passed over. By you, too, a new thing has been done, in that you opened the very beginning of your speech with this figure; just as I am certain you will do many other new and exceptional things in your speeches: so outstanding is the talent with which you were born.

to Antoninus Augustus. 1. For this old man and, as you style him, your master, good health, a good year, good fortune, everything good, which you write you have prayed of the Gods for me on this my birthday, above all others a red-letter day for you—all these good things are in your keeping and your brother's, O Antoninus, sweetest joy of my heart: whom, since I have known you and given myself up to you, I have ever held sweeter than all things, and will so hold you, although I live again other years as many as I have lived. This one thing, therefore, let all of us with joint prayers ask of the Gods, that you may both pass long lives in health and vigour, exercising your power to the advantage of the state and of your own households. Nor is there aught else I could wish so much to obtain either from the Gods or from Fairy Fortune or from yourselves, as that it may be my lot as long as possible to enjoy your presence, your converse, and your delightful letters; and to that end I am ready, if it were possible, to be a boy again. 2. Otherwise, as far as everything else is concerned, I have had my fill of life. I see you, Antoninus, as excellent an Emperor as I hoped; as just, as blameless as I guaranteed; as dear and as welcome to the Roman People as I desired; fond of me to the height of my wishes, and eloquent to the height of your own. For now that you once begin to feel the wish again, to have lost the wish for a time proves to have been no set-back. Indeed I see both of you becoming more eloquent every day, and I am elated as if I were still your master. For while I love and cherish all your merits, yet I confess that I derive my chief "and peculiar pleasure from your eloquence. Just as it is with parents, when in their children's faces they discern their own lineaments, so it is with me when in the speeches of either of you I detect marks of my school— and glad in her heart was Latona: for I cannot express in my own words the intensity of my joy. And do not feel compunction at the recollection, or be vexed in the least with the consciousness, of not having devoted yourself continuously to eloquence. For the fact is that, if a man endowed with great natural capacity has been from the first brought into and trained in the right way of eloquence, although he have given it the go-by for a time or rested on his oars, as soon as ever he resolves to make a fresh start and set forward, he will get to the end of his journey somewhat less quickly of course, but less successfully not a whit. But believe me when I say that, of all the men whom I have ever known, I have never met with any one gifted with richer ability than yourself: I used, indeed, to affirm this with an oath to the immense disagreement of our dear Victorinus and his immense disgust, when I said that he could not aspire to the charm of your natural gift. Then that friend of mine, the Roman Rusticus, who would gladly surrender and sacrifice his life for your little finger, yet on the question of your natural ability gave way against his will and with a frown. 3. You had, Antoninus, but one danger to fear, and no one of outstanding ability can escape it—that you should limp in respect of copiousness and choiceness of words. For the greater the thoughts, the more difficult it is to clothe them in words, and no small labour is needed to prevent those stately thoughts being ill-clothed or unbecomingly draped or half-naked. Do you remember that speech of yours, which you delivered in the Senate when scarcely more than a boy, in which you made use of that simile of a leathern bottle by way of illustration, and were much concerned lest you had employed an image little suited to the dignity of the place and of a senator? and that first rather long letter I wrote to you, in which I drew the inference—and it is a true inference—that it is a mark of great abilities to encounter boldly the difficulties in thoughts of that kind, but that by your own application and some help from me you would attain what was needed therein, the command of luminous expression to match such great thoughts. This you see has now come to pass, and although you have not always set every sail in pursuit of eloquence, yet you have held on your course with topsails and with oars, and as soon as ever necessity has forced you to spread all your canvas, you are easily distancing all devotees of eloquence like so many pinnaces and yachts. 4. I have been prompted to write this by your last letter, in which you said that you were gradually forgetting all that you had learnt, but to me it seems that now more than ever is blossoming all that you have learnt and growing to maturity. Or do you fail to notice the eagerness, partiality, and pleasure with which the Senate and the Roman People listen to your speeches? And I go bail for it, the oftener they listen the more passionately will they love, so many and so ingratiating are the charms of your genius, your countenance, your voice, and your eloquence. In fact, is there one among former Emperors-—I prefer to compare you with Emperors that I may not compare you with contemporaries—is there one who used these rhetorical figures which the Greeks call σχήματα ? Not to go further back, even at the last sitting of the Senate, when you spoke of the serious case of the Cyzicenes, you embellished your speech with a figure, which the Greeks call παράλειψις , in such a way that while waiving a point you yet mentioned it, and while mentioning it you yet waived it. In this speech many things at once call for praise: the first, that you most judiciously grasped the fact that the heavy trials of the allies should not be made too prominent by a continuous or direct or lengthy speech upon them, but should at the same time be pointed out with earnestness, so as to seem worthy of the compassion and help of the Senate; then you set forth the whole case so briefly, and yet so forcibly, that all that the subject demanded was summed up in the fewest words; so that not more suddenly or more violently was the city stirred by the earthquake than the minds of your hearers by your speech. Do you recognize the Ciceronian turn of the sentence?— so that not more suddenly or more violently was the city stirred by the earthquake than the minds of your hearers by your speech . When a man is deeply in love he kisses even the moles on his beloved's cheek. 5. But believe me you now hold a most distinguished place in eloquence, and will ere long reach its very summit, and speak thence with us from higher ground, and not so much higher only as the Rostrum is than the Forum and the Comitium, but as much as the yards overtop the prow or rather the keel. But above all am I glad that you do not snatch up the first words that occur to you, but seek out the best. For this is the distinction between a first-rate orator and ordinary ones, that the others are readily content with good words, while the first-rate orator is not content with words merely good if better are to be obtained. 6. But I will either write to you or discuss these matters orally with you more fully at some fixed time and place. As you wished, my Lord, and as my health demanded, I have stayed at home and prayed for you that you might keep many happy returns of your children's birthdays. The greater mildness of the weather and his nurse, if he takes more suitable food, will have quieted our little chick's cough, for all remedies and all curatives for throat affections in children are centred in milk. 7. In your Cyzicus-speech, when invoking the Gods, you added and if it be allowed, I adjure them , a use of the word which I do not remember to have read, for it was the people or a jury that used to be adjured or conjured; but perhaps my memory plays me false: do you think over it more carefully yourself. 8. I, too, am troubled with a cough, and pain in my right hand, not very severe it is true, but enough to prevent my writing so long a letter: therefore I have dictated it. 9. Since mention has been made of paraleipsis , I must not fail to acquaint you with what I have noticed with regard to this figure in a somewhat careful search. None of the Greek or Roman orators that I have read has used this figure more happily than M. Porcius in that speech which is entitled On his Expenses , in which he says as follows: I ordered the volume to be produced containing my speech on the subject of my having made an agreement with M. Cornelius. The tablets were produced: the services of my ancestors were read out: then was recited what I had done for the state. The reading out of both these being finished, the speech went on as follows: "I have never either scattered my own money or that of the allies broadcast to gain popularity." "Oh, don't, don't, I say, record that: they have no wish to hear it." Then he read on: "Never have I set up officials in the towns of your allies to rob them of their goods, their wives, and the children" "Erase that too; they will not listen: go on reading." "I have never divided booty or spoil taken from the enemy or prize money among my select friends so as to rob those who had won it." "Erase as far as that too: they would rather hear anything than that; there is no need to read it." "I have never granted a pass to travel post, to enable my friends to gain large sums by these warrants." "Be quick, erase as far as that too most 'particularly" "I have never shared the money for wine-largess between my retinue and friends, nor emiched them to the detriment of the state." "Marry, erase as far as that down to the wood." Pray mark the pass to which the state has come, when I dare not now mention the very services I have done it, whereby I hoped to gain gratitude, lest it should bring odium upon me. So much has it become the fashion that a man may do ill with impunity, but not with impunity do well. 10. This form of paraleipsis is original and, as far as I know, not employed by anyone else. For Cato bids the tablets be read, and what is read he bids be waived aside. You also have shewn originality by beginning your speech with this figure, just as you will, I am sure, do many other original and brilliant things in your speeches, so great is your natural ability.

ad Anton.Imp. 1.2 [86 Hout; 2.32 Haines] Antonino Augusto Fronto. 1 Seni huic et, ut tu appellas, magistro tuo bona salus, bonus annus, bona fortuna, res omnis bona: Quae tu scribis, ea te mihi ab dis die tibi sollemnissimo natali meo precatum. Omnia mihi ista in te tuoque fratre sita sunt, Antonine meo cordi dulcissime; quos ego postquam cognovi meque vobis transdidi, nihil umquam prae vobis dulcius habui neque habere possum, tametsi alios annos totidem de integro, quantum vixi, vivam. Hoc igitur unum conjunctis precibus ab deis precemur, uti vos incolumes et florentes et rei publicae familiaeque vestrae prospere potentes aetatem longam degatis. Nec quicquam est praeterea quod ego tantopere vel ab deis vel a Forte Fortuna vel a vobis ipsis impetratum cupiam quam, ut vestro conspectu et adfatu vestrisque tam jucundis litteris frui quam mihi diutissime liceat, eique rei, sei fieri possit, repuerascere opto. 2 Nam quod ad ceteras res alioqui adtinet, sat vitae est. Video te, Antonine, principem tam egregium quam speravi, tam justum, tam innocentem quam spopondi, tam gratum populo Romano et acceptum quam optavi, tam mei amantem quam ego volui, tam disertum quam ipse voluisti. Nam ubi primum coepisti rursus velle, nihil offuit interdum noluisse. Fieri etiam vobis cotidie facundiores video et exulto quasi adhuc magister. Nam quom omnis virtutes vestras diligam et amplectar, fateor tamen praecipuum me et proprium gaudium ex eloquentia vestra capere. Itidem ut parentes, cum in voltu liberum oris sui lineamenta dinoscunt, ita ego cum in orationibus vestris nostrae sectae animadverto, γέγηθε δὲ φρένα Λήτω: Meis enim verbis exprimere vim gaudi mei nequeo. 3 Nec te recordatio ista urgeat nec omnino angat quod tibi conscius es non perpetuam operam eloquentiae dedisse. Nam ita res habet: Qui magno ingenio praeditus recta via ad eloquentiam a principio inductus atque institutus fuerit, tametsi interdum concessarit aut restiterit, ubi primum progredei denuo et pergere visum erit, coeptum illud iter confecerit setius fortasse aliquo, minus tamen nihilo. Crede autem hoc mihi: Omnium hominum, quos ego cognoverim, uberiore, quam tu sis, ingenio adfectum comperisse me neminem. Quod quidem ego magna cum lite Victorini nostri et magna ejus cum bile adjurare solebam, cum eum adspirare ad pulchritudinem ingeni tui posse negarem. Tum ille meus Rusticus Romanus, qui vitam suam pro unguiculo tuo libenter dediderit atque devoverit, de ingenio tamen invitus et tristis aegre concedebat. 4 Unum tibi periculum fuit, Antonine, idem, quod omnibus, qui sublimi ingenio extiterunt, ne in verborum copia et pulchritudine clauderes; quanto enim ampliores sententiae creantur, tanto difficilius verbis vestiuntur, nec mediocriter laborandum est, ne procerae illae sententiae male sint amictae neve indecorius cinctae neve sint seminudae. 5 Meministin ejus orationis tuae, quam vixdum pueritiam egressus in senatu habuisti? In qua, cum imagine utriculi ad exemplum adcommodandum usus esses, anxie verebare, ne parum pro loci et ordinis dignitate τὴν εἰκόνα usurpasses, meque primam illam longiusculam ad te epistulam scripsisse, qua id, quod res est, augurabar magni signum esse ad ejusmodi sententiarum pericula audaciter adgredi, sed quod eo opus esset, tuo te studio et nonnulla nostra opera adsecuturum, ut digna tantis sententiis verborum lumina parares. Quod nunc vides provenisse et, quamquam non semper ex summis opibus ad eloquentiam velificaris, tamen sipharis et remis te tenuisse iter, atque ut primum vela pandere necessitas impulit, omnis eloquentiae studiosos ut lembos et celocas facile praetervehi. 6 Haec ut scriberem productus sum proxuma epistula tua, qua scripsisti exolescere paulatim, quaecumque didicisses; mihi autem nunc cum maxime florere, quae didicisti, atque adolescere videntur. An parum animadvertis, quanto studio quantoque favore et voluptate dicentem te audiat senatus populusque Romanus? Et spondeo, quanto saepius audierit, tanto flagrantius amabit: Ita multa et grata sunt ingeni et oris et vocis et facundiae tuae delenimenta. Nimirum quisquam superiorum imperatorum (imperatoribus enim te comparare malo ne viventibus compararem), quisquam illorum his figurationibus uteretur, quae Graeci schemata vocant? Ne longius repetam, vel proximo senatu, cum Cyzicenorum gravem causam commemorares, ita orationem tuam figurasti, quam figuram Graeci παράλειψιν appellant, ut praeterundo tamen diceres et dicendo tamen praeterires. In quo multa simul laudanda sunt: Primum hoc te doctissime perspexisse sociorum graves aerumnas non perpetua neque recta aut prolixa oratione exaggerandas, indicandas tamen esse impensius, ut digni senatus misericordia etauxilio viderentur. Deinde ita breviter rem omnem atque ita valide elocutus es, ut paucissimis verbis omnia, quae res posceret, continerentur, ut non ocius aut vehementius terra urbem illam, quam animos audientium tua oratio moverit. Ecquid adgnoscis formam sententiae Tullianae: “Ut non ocius vehementius terra urbem illam quam animos audientium tua oratio moverit”? Ut quisque amore quempiam deperit, ejus etiam naevolas saviatur. 7 Sed mihi crede amplissimum te jam tenere in eloquentia locum brevique summum ejus cacumen aditurum locuturumque inde nobiscum de loco superiore, nec tantulo superiore quanto rostra foro et comitio excelsiora sunt sed quanto altiores antemnae sunt prora vel potius carina. Praecipue autem gaudeo te verba non obvia arripere, sed optima quaerere. Hoc enim distat summus orator a mediocribus, quod ceteri facile contenti sunt verbis bonis, summus orator non est bonis contentus, si sunt ulla meliora. 8 Sed haec certo loco ac tempore pluribus vel scribemus ad te vel coram conloquemur. Ut voluisti, domine, et ut valetudo mea postulabat, domi mansi tibique sum precatu,s ut multos dies natales liberum tuorum prospere celebres. Pullo nostro tussiculam sedaverit et dies clementior et nutrix ejus, si cibis aptioribus vescatur: Omnia enim remedia atque omnis medelae fovendis infantium faucibus in lacte sunt sitae. 9 In oratione tua Cyzicena, cum deos precareris, “et si fas est, obsecro”, addidisti, quod ego me non memini legisse. Obsecrari enim et resecrari populus aut judices solebant, sed me forsitan memoria fugerit: Tu diligentius animadvertito. 10 Me quoque tussicula vexat et manus dexterae dolor, medicoris quidem, sed qui a rescribenda longiore epistula inpedierit; dictavi igitur. 11 Quoniam mentio παραλείψεως habita est, non omittam quin te impertiam quod de figura ista studiosus animadverterim, neque Graecorum oratorum neque Romanorum, quos ego legerim, elegantius hac figura usum quemquam quam M. Porcium in ea oratione, quae de sumptu suo inscribitur, in qua sic ait: “Jussi caudicem proferri, ubi mea oratio scripta erat de ea re, quod sponsiorem feceram cum M. Cornelio. Tabulae prolatae; majorum bene facta perlecta; deinde, quae ego pro re publica fecissem leguntur. Ubi id utrum perlectum est, deinde scriptum erat in oratione: “Numquam ego pecuniam neque meam neque sociorum per ambitionem largitus sum.” Attat, noli noli scribere, inquam, istud: Nolunt audire. Deinde recitavit: “Numquam ego praefectos per sociorum vestrorum oppida inposivi, qui eorum bona, liberos diriperent.” Istud quoque dele: Nolunt audire. Recita porro. “Numquam ego praedam neque, quod de hostibus captum esset, neque manubias inter pauculos amicos divisi, ut illis eriperem qui cepissent.” Istuc quoque dele: Nihil eo minus volunt dici; non opus est recitabo. “Numquam ego evectionem datavi, quo amici mei per symbolos pecunias magnas caperent.” Perge istuc quoque uti cum maxime delere. “Numquam ego argentum pro vino congiario inter apparitores atque amicos disdidi neque eos malo publico divites feci.” Enimvero usque istuc ad lignum dele. Vide sis quo in loco res publica siet, uti quod rei publicae bene fecissem, unde gratiam ceperam, nunc idem illud memorare non audeo ne invidiae siet. Ita inductum est male facere inpoene, bene facere nin inpoene licere.” 12 Haec forma παραλείψεως nova nec ab ullo alio, quod ego sciam, usurpata est. Jubet enim legi tabulas et, quod lectum sit, jubet praeteriri. A te quoque novom factum quod principium orationis tuae figura ista exorsus es; sicut multa alia nova et eximia facturum te in orationibus tuis certum habeo: Ita egregio ingenio natus es.