Letter 10: Chrysostom tells Olympias that despondency is a harsher trial than death, argues that patiently endured suffering wins crowns like Job, Lazarus, Paul, and Joseph, and urges her to scatter grief like smoke.
Bodies that have wrestled with violent fevers, and seas that have fought with savage winds, do not immediately lay aside the damage. The body does not at once lose the weakness left by the fever; the sea does not at once lose the swell left by the storm. Both settle little by little. The body needs time, after the fever has gone, to return to clean health and wash away the weakness still lodged in it. The sea too, even when the winds have stopped, remains for a long while troubled and in motion, carried and driven by the force already stored in the waves, and it also needs time to return to clear calm.
I have not said this to your reverence without purpose. I say it so that you may understand why I am sending you this letter too. Even if the earlier letters have broken the tyranny of despondency and thrown down its citadel, the word still has much work to do. It must establish deep peace in you, wipe away the memory of all the disturbances that rose from it, show you a bright and steady calm, and set you firmly in good cheer.
This is my concern: not only to free you from despondency, but to fill you with abundant and lasting joy. That is possible, if you are willing. The sources of good cheer do not lie in fixed laws of nature, which we cannot move or change. They lie in the free reasonings of the will, which are easy for us to handle if we choose to handle them. You know this, if you remember what I wrote before; not much time has passed since then. I spent many long arguments on these matters and kept recounting the histories I had brought forward. The sources of joy are not established so much in the nature of events as in the minds of human beings.
Since this is so, many people surrounded by wealth have thought life unlivable, while others living in extreme poverty have remained more cheerful than anyone. Some who enjoy bodyguards, reputation, and honors have often cursed their own lives, while others obscure in birth, obscure in station, and known to no one have counted themselves more blessed than many. The sources of good cheer, I will not stop repeating it, are not in things themselves so much as in the mind.
Do not fall back, then. Rise up. Stretch out your hand to my reasoning. Give me this good alliance, so that I may completely snatch you from the bitter captivity of your thoughts. If you yourself are not willing to work as hard as I do, my treatment will be of no use. And why should we wonder if this is true with us? Even God, who has all power, when he exhorts and counsels, accomplishes nothing further if the listener is not persuaded by what is said. The word then becomes material for greater punishment to the one who refused persuasion. Christ made this clear when he said, "If I had not come and spoken to them, they would not have sin; but now they have no excuse for their sin." For this reason too, lamenting Jerusalem, he said, "Jerusalem, Jerusalem, who kills the prophets and stones those sent to her, how often I wanted to gather your children, and you were not willing. Behold, your house is left desolate."
Knowing this, my most God-beloved lady, labor, struggle, and force yourself. Use the help supplied by what has already been said. Push out, cast out with great force, the thoughts that trouble you and cause such confusion and dizziness. I do not doubt that you will do this and will receive my exhortation. But now you must prepare for yourself swords, spears, bows, arrows, breastplate, shield, and greaves, so that with some you may defend yourself and with others you may strike, slaughter, and put to death the thoughts of trouble that attack you.
Where shall we get these engines and slings, so that the enemies may not even come near you, but may be driven as far away as possible? From despondency itself. Let us think a little about it and show how heavy and burdensome it is. Despondency is a harsh torment of souls, an unspeakable pain, a punishment more bitter than any penalty or chastisement. It imitates a venomous worm, clinging not only to the flesh but to the soul itself. It is a moth not only of the bones but of the mind. It is a perpetual executioner, not merely tearing the sides, but destroying the strength of the soul. It is perpetual night, lightless darkness, storm, dizziness, an unseen fever burning more fiercely than any flame, a war without truce, a disease that darkens many of the things we see.
To people in that condition, the sun itself and the clear air seem burdensome. Even at noon, despondency imitates deep night. The wondrous prophet declared this when he said, "The sun will set for them at noon." He did not mean that the star disappears or that its usual course is interrupted. He meant that the despondent soul imagines night even in the brightest part of the day. Natural night is nothing like the night of despondency. This night does not come according to the law of nature; it is gathered by the darkening of thoughts. It is fearful and unbearable, with a relentless face, more cruel than any tyrant. It does not quickly yield to those who try to dissolve it, but often holds the captured soul more firmly than adamant, unless that soul uses much wisdom.
Why say much about despondency from our own reasoning, when we can go to those who have been captured by it and learn its whole strength from them? Or rather, if you agree, let us first make the proof from another place. When Adam committed that grievous sin and condemned the whole common race of humanity, he was condemned to sorrow. But the one who sinned more greatly, so much more greatly that, compared with hers, his sin is not even regarded in the same way, was condemned with a greater punishment. Scripture says, "Adam was not deceived, but the woman, being deceived, fell into transgression." She was deceived, fell into transgression, and mixed the deadly drug for herself and her husband. She therefore received the heavier punishment, as one able to bear a heavier labor: "I will greatly multiply your sorrows and your groaning; in sorrows you shall bring forth children."
Nowhere does he name work, sweat, or toil, but despondency and groaning. The punishment from this is set opposite labors and countless deaths, or rather, it is much more grievous. Yet what seems worse than death? Is it not counted among human beings as the chief of evils, fearful, unbearable, and worthy of countless laments? Did Paul not call death the punishment for the most grievous offense when he said of those who unworthily touch the sacred mysteries and partake of that dreadful table, "For this reason many among you are weak and sick, and a number have fallen asleep"? Do not all lawgivers condemn irreparable crimes with this penalty? Did not God in the law impose this as the final punishment on those who commit great offenses?
It was fear of death that made that patriarch, who had conquered even nature itself, allow his own wife to be handed over to foreign pleasure and Egyptian tyranny. He himself contrived the drama of the outrage and begged his wife to act out that grievous tragedy with him. He was not even ashamed to state the reason: "When they see you, so radiant in beauty and captivating in appearance, they will kill me, but they will keep you alive. Say, then, that you are my sister, so that it may go well with me because of you, and my soul may live on account of you."
Do you see the fear? Do you see the trembling that shook that lofty and philosophic soul? Do you see adamant dissolved by anguish? He falsifies the relationship, puts one mask on his wife instead of another, and makes the lamb easy prey for wolves. The thing most unbearable for men, to see a wife violated, or even merely to suspect it, he not only sees but arranges how it may be dared. Yet it seemed light and bearable to him, because passion was overcoming passion, the more grievous was overcoming the grievous, and fear of death overcame jealousy. Great Elijah too, because of this fear, became a runaway, a fugitive, and a wanderer, fearing only the threat of a corrupt and accursed woman. The man who had shut up heaven and worked so many wonders could not bear the fear produced by words. Anguish so shook that heaven-high soul that he suddenly left his homeland and his people.
Yet this fearsome thing, shown by events and by the weakness even of saints, is much lighter than despondency. I have run this long course of speech to teach you what penalty you are paying, and that you should expect a return of good things equal to it, or rather far greater. To show that this is true, I will now turn to those who were captured by it, the point toward which I was hurrying before.
When Moses came and announced freedom and release from the evils of Egypt, the Hebrew people could not even endure to listen. The lawgiver gives the reason: "Moses spoke to the people, and the people did not listen to Moses because of faint-heartedness." When God threatens the Jews with great threats for their lawlessness, after captivity, life in a foreign land, famines, plagues, and cannibalism, he brings on this punishment too: "I will give them a despairing heart, failing eyes, and a wasting soul."
But why speak of the Jews, a disorderly and ungrateful people, enslaved to the flesh and not knowing how to be wise, when proof can be taken from great and lofty men? The company of the apostles had been with Christ for three years. They had been taught much about immortality and the other mysteries. They had performed wonderful and strange signs. They had seen him work miracles for so long, had shared table and companionship and such discourses with him, and had been instructed in every way. Yet when they heard words that produced despondency in them, they who usually clung to him like nursing children and kept asking, "Where are you going?" were so extinguished by the tyranny of despondency, so taken captive by grief, that they no longer asked him these things. Christ rebuked them for this: "You have heard that I am going to the one who sent me, and I am coming to you, and none of you asks me, 'Where are you going?' But because I have spoken these things to you, sorrow has filled your heart."
Do you see how the tyranny of despondency overshadowed love, how it took them captive and made them its own? And Elijah again, for I will not leave him even now, after his flight and departure from Palestine, could not bear the tyranny of despondency. He was exceedingly despondent; the writer of the history shows this when he says that he went "according to his soul." Hear what he says in prayer: "It is enough now, Lord. Take my soul from me, for I am no better than my fathers." The most terrible thing, the summit of punishment, the chief of evils, the penalty for every sin, he asks for in prayer and wishes to receive as grace. So much heavier than death is despondency: to escape the one, he takes refuge in the other.
Here I also wish to solve a question for you. I know your desire for answers to such questions, and I know very well how much pleasure I will give you. What is the question? If Elijah considered death lighter than despondency, why did he leave his country and people and flee so as not to fall into death? How is it that he fled death then, but now seeks it? Precisely so that you may learn from this how much more grievous despondency is than death. When fear of death alone shook him, he naturally did everything to escape it. But when despondency sat enthroned within him and displayed its own nature, eating, consuming, devouring him with its teeth, and becoming unbearable, then he considered even the heaviest of all things lighter than it.
Jonah too, fleeing from despondency, took refuge in death and asked for it: "Take my soul from me, for it is better for me to die than to live." David also, whether writing the psalm in his own person or in that of others who were lamenting, points to the same thing: "When the sinner stood up against me, I was deafened and humbled, and I kept silence from good things; and my pain was renewed. My heart grew hot within me, and in my meditation a fire was kindled." He names that fire, a passion of despondency more violent than flame. Since he could no longer bear its blows and pains, he says, "I spoke with my tongue." And what do you speak? Tell me. He too asks for death: "Make known to me, Lord, my end and the number of my days, that I may know what I lack." He speaks the same thoughts as Elijah, though in different words. Elijah said, "I am no better than my fathers." David hints the same thing: "Make known to me, Lord, my end, that I may know what I lack." Why, he says, have I been left behind? Why do I still remain and continue in the present life when others have gone away?
Thus he asks for death, or at least, if it is not present, he wants to know the time of its arrival. "Make known to me my end," he says, so that from this he may reap the greatest pleasure. The dreadful becomes desirable because of the unbearable pain of despondency and the fire kindled in the mind. "In my meditation," he says, "a fire was kindled."
Since you are paying so great a penalty, expect great rewards: many prizes, unspeakable recompenses, bright and exceedingly flourishing crowns for such great contests. It is not only doing good that brings many rewards and great prizes; suffering evil does too. To this I will now direct my discourse, because it is very useful for you and for everyone. It can anoint us for endurance, stir us to perseverance, and keep us from becoming soft under the sweat of sufferings.
Our argument has sufficiently shown that despondency is more grievous than all sufferings and is the summit and chief of evils. What remains is to compare right actions with sufferings, so that you may know clearly that rewards are laid up not only for right actions but also for sufferings, and very great rewards; and that sufferings receive no less reward than right actions, but in some cases even more. Let us bring in, if you like, the great athlete of endurance who shone in both: the adamant, the rock, the man from the land of Uz, who illuminated the whole world by the excellence of his virtue. Let us speak of both his right actions and his sufferings, so that you may know by which he shone more brightly.
What were his right actions? "My house," he says, "was open to every traveler and was a common harbor for strangers." To the needy he gave almost all he had: "I was an eye to the blind and a foot to the lame. I was a father to the powerless, and the case I did not know I searched out. I broke the jaws of the unjust and snatched the plunder from between their teeth. The powerless did not fail to get what they needed, nor did anyone go out from my door with an empty bosom."
Do you see the many forms of his love for humanity, the many harbors of almsgiving, and how through all of them he helped those who were wronged? Do you see him supporting the poor, setting the widow right, standing beside the injured, and making himself fearsome to the abusive? He did not merely stand by and assist, as most people do; he brought matters to a conclusion and acted with great force. "I broke the jaws of the unjust," he says, fortifying his foresight against their contentiousness. Nor did he set his care only against the insults of men; he also set it against the plots of nature, correcting her failures by the abundance of his help. Since he could not restore limbs, eyes to the blind and feet to the lame, he became limbs for them. Through him, those whose eyes were maimed saw, and those whose legs were cut off walked.
What love for humanity could equal his? You know his other virtues too, and I will not list everything and make the discourse endless: his gentleness, his mildness, his prudence, his exactness; how, though severe toward wrongdoers, and this is the wonder, he was approachable, gentle, and sweeter than honey to everyone, even to his own servants. Their longing for him was so great that they said, "Who will give us to be filled with his flesh?" If he was so loved by servants, toward whom one often has to be fearsome, how much more by everyone else?
Gather these things and more within yourself, then come walk with me to the catalogue of his sufferings. Let us compare when he was more glorious: when he performed those good deeds, or when he suffered painful things that caused him great despondency? When was Job more glorious: when he opened his house to everyone who passed by, or when, after it collapsed, he uttered no bitter word but blessed God? The first was a good deed; the second was a suffering. When was he more radiant: when he offered sacrifices for his children and joined them together in harmony, or when, after they were buried and had ended their lives in the bitterest way, he bore what had happened with wisdom? When did he shine more: when the shoulders of the naked were warmed by the shearing of his lambs, or when he heard that fire had fallen from heaven and consumed the flock with the shepherds, yet was neither disturbed nor troubled, but bore the calamity gently? When was he greater: when he used the health of his body to protect the wronged, crushing the jaws of the unjust, snatching prey from between their teeth, and becoming a harbor for the injured; or when he saw his body, that weapon of the wronged, eaten by worms, and sat on the ash heap scraping himself with a potsherd? "I scrape off the discharge and melt clods of earth," he says.
All those earlier things were good deeds; all these were sufferings. Yet these made him more glorious than those. This was the bitterest part of the battle line, demanding greater courage, a stronger soul, a more disciplined mind, and greater love for God. While the earlier things were happening, the devil, shamelessly and recklessly, still objected: "Does Job revere God for nothing?" But when these sufferings had happened, he covered his face and withdrew, turning his back, with not even the shadow of a shameless objection left to offer. This is the summit of the crown, the completion of virtue, the clear proof of courage, the most exact strengthening of wisdom.
Blessed Job himself, showing how much more grievous the tyranny of despondency is than death, called death rest and asked for it as a favor so that he might be delivered from that sorrow. "Death," he says, "is rest for a man," and again, "Oh that my request might come, and that God would grant my hope. May the Lord begin and wound me; may he utterly destroy me." Despondency is heavier than all things. But the heavier it is, the greater rewards it has.
Learn from another place too how great the profit of sufferings is, even if someone does not suffer directly for God's sake. Let no one think this exaggerated. If a person suffers and nevertheless bears it nobly and gently, glorifying God in all things, there is great gain. Job himself did not know that he was suffering these things for God, and yet he was crowned because, not knowing the cause, he endured nobly.
Lazarus too fell into bodily weakness. That was not, strictly speaking, suffering for God's sake. But because he suffered fully, persevered, and bore nobly the abandonment of those who could have healed him, the despondency from his sores, the despondency from hunger, the contempt and cruelty of the rich man, you know what crowns he received. We find no good deed of his to name. We are not told that he pitied the poor, stood by the wronged, or performed any work of that kind. His lying at the rich man's gate, his sickness, the dogs' tongues, and the rich man's contempt were all sufferings. Yet though he had done no noble action, because he bore the despondency from these things nobly, he obtained the same lot as the patriarch who had achieved so much.
Shall I add another point, one that seems paradoxical but is true? Even if someone does a great and noble work, but without toil, danger, or suffering, he will not receive a great reward. "Each one will receive his own reward according to his own labor," not according to the greatness of the achievement, but according to the weight of the suffering. For this reason Paul, when he boasts, boasts not only of achieving and doing noble things, but of suffering evil. After saying, "Are they ministers of Christ? I speak as a fool; I am more," and weaving his superiority by comparison, he did not say, "I preached to this many and that many." Leaving aside what he had achieved, he listed the evils he had suffered: "In labors more abundant, in stripes beyond measure, in prisons more frequent, in deaths often. Five times I received from the Jews forty lashes less one. Three times I was beaten with rods. Once I was stoned. Three times I was shipwrecked. A night and a day I have been in the deep; in journeys often, in dangers from rivers, dangers from robbers, dangers from my own people, dangers from Gentiles, dangers in the city, dangers in the wilderness, dangers at sea, dangers among false brothers; in weariness, in toil, in watchings often, in hunger and thirst and nakedness; besides the things from outside, the pressure on me daily."
Do you see the chain of sufferings and the grounds for boasting? Then he adds the achievements too, and even in them one sees more suffering than achievement. After saying "the pressure on me daily," speaking of constant distractions, tumults, and circumstances, for that is what he means by "pressure," he adds, "the care of all the churches." He does not say "the correction of all the churches," but "the care," which is more a suffering than an achievement. Likewise what follows: "Who is weak, and I am not weak?" He does not say, "I correct him," but "I am weak." Again, "Who is made to stumble, and I do not burn?" He does not say, "I delivered him from stumbling," but "I shared in the pain." Then, showing that these things especially have their rewards, he adds, "If I must boast, I will boast of the things that concern my weakness." And again he adds another such thing: his flight through the window, in the basket, through the wall. That too was a suffering.
If sufferings have great rewards, and if despondency is the most difficult and painful of all sufferings, consider how great the compensations will be. I will not stop singing this song to you. I promised in the beginning that I would weave from despondency itself the thoughts that console you for despondency, and now I am fulfilling that promise.
To show from another angle how great it is to do something noble through sufferings, and how far inferior it is to do the same thing without labor, consider Nebuchadnezzar the Babylonian. Living with scepters and diadems, he once performed an evangelical work. After the furnace and that wondrous event, he undertook a proclamation to the world, not only by speech but also by letters, and wrote everywhere on earth: "Nebuchadnezzar the king, to all peoples, tribes, and tongues who dwell in all the earth: may peace be multiplied to you. It has seemed good to me to declare to you the signs and wonders that God Most High has done with me, how great and mighty they are. His kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and his dominion is from generation to generation." He made a decree that any people, tribe, or tongue speaking a word against the God of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego should be destroyed and their houses plundered. And he added, "There is no other god who is able to deliver in this way."
Do you see the threat in the letters? Do you see the fear, the teaching, the lofty proclamation, the letters stretched across the whole world? Will he then receive the same reward as the apostles because he proclaimed God's power and made such an effort to announce the word everywhere? Not even the smallest part. He will fall far short, though he performed the same work. Why? Because no labor or suffering was joined to it. He did it with authority and freedom. They did it while hindered, persecuted, beaten, scourged, enduring hardship, thrown down from cliffs, drowned, worn down by hunger, dying daily, tormented in their souls, weak with everyone who was weak, burning with everyone who was scandalized. The rewards for those toils and that despondency were especially greater. "Each one," he says, "will receive his own reward according to his own labor." I will not stop repeating this.
For this very reason, when the benevolent God saw Paul often asking to be delivered from sufferings, despondency, pain, and dangers, he did not consent. "For this," Paul says, "I begged the Lord three times," and he did not obtain the request. What great rewards would he have received if he had preached without trouble, living in luxury and good cheer? Because he opened his mouth and moved his tongue while sitting at home? That is easy even for an ordinary person, even for someone very indulgent and living a soft and dissipated life. But now, because of wounds, deaths, journeys by land and sea, despondency itself, tears, and pains, he will receive the rewards and crowns with great boldness. "For three years," he says, "I did not cease night and day to admonish each one of you with tears."
Considering these things, and reflecting how great the gain is in a painful and toilsome life, rejoice and be glad that from your earliest years you have traveled a profitable path, full of countless crowns, through continuous and frequent sufferings. The weakness of your body, varied, of every kind, and more grievous than a thousand deaths, has not ceased to besiege you continually. Storms of abuse, insults, and slanders have never ceased to be directed against you. Frequent and continuous despondencies, and fountains of tears, have troubled you for all time. Each of these things, even by itself, was enough to bring great benefit to those who endured it. Lazarus, by illness alone, came to share the same lot as the patriarch. The publican, through the Pharisee's contempt, brought forth a righteousness surpassing the Pharisee's. The chief of the apostles, through tears, corrected the wound of that grievous sin.
If each one of these sufferings alone was sufficient, consider how many rewards you yourself will receive, having endured all of them together with such excess and for so long. Nothing, nothing makes people so illustrious and enviable, nothing fills them with countless good things, like a multitude of temptations, dangers, labors, despondencies, and continual plots from the very people from whom they ought not to come, when one bears all of it gently.
For Jacob's son, nothing made him so blessed and admired as the slander he endured, the prison, the chain, and the hardship that came from them. His chastity was also great, when he overcame the Egyptian woman's licentiousness and rejected that wretched woman calling him to an unlawful union. But that was not as great as his sufferings. What great praise is there, tell me, in not committing adultery, not breaking into another person's marriage, not defiling a bed that did not belong to him, not wronging his benefactor, and not covering his master's house with shame? What made him especially great was the danger, the plot, the captive woman's frenzy, the violence brought against him, the inescapable prison of the chamber that the adulteress built around him, the nets she spread on every side, the accusation, the slander, the prison, the chain, and the fact that after so great a contest, for which he deserved a crown, he received none of his rights. Instead, he was led as a convict and culprit to the fortress and shut up with those who had committed the worst crimes, amid the filth, the iron, and the misery of the prison.
Then I see him shining more brightly than when he sat on Egypt's throne, distributed grain to the needy, ended the famine, and became a common harbor for all. I see him more radiant when fetters and shackles were on him than when he was clothed in splendid garments and possessed such great power. The prison was a time of business and great trade for the soul; the throne was a time of luxury, ease, and honor, with much pleasure but not much profit.
For this reason I do not call him blessed so much when he was honored by his father as when he was envied by his brothers and had enemies as housemates. From his earliest age a harsh war was stirred against him from within his own home, while his enemies had nothing to accuse him of and were wasting away and bursting with envy. Scripture says the cause was that his father loved him because he was a son of his old age. But I think the lawgiver wrote this not to state the true cause, but to report the father's pretext and excuse. Seeing that the young man was being envied, the father wanted to soothe his brothers' passion, so he invented a reason for his love that would not provoke so much envy. That this was not the real cause of the affection, but rather the flourishing virtue of Joseph's soul, mature beyond his years, is clear from Benjamin. If age had been the reason, Benjamin, who was younger still and even more a son of old age, should have been loved much more.
As I said, this was the father's invention, meant to quiet fraternal war. But even so he did not prevail; the flame was kindled more fiercely. Since they had no power for the moment, they brought a wicked reproach against him and wrapped him in shameful accusation, anticipating the foreign woman and proving far worse than she. She acted wickedly toward a stranger; they acted wickedly toward a brother. Nor did they stop there. They always tried to outdo their previous deeds. Taking him alone in the wilderness, they both killed him in intention and sold him in action, making him a slave instead of a free man, and to the harshest slavery. They did not hand their brother over to people of their own race, but to foreign-speaking men going to a foreign land.
God intended to make Joseph more illustrious, so he endured what was happening and was patient as dangers succeeded dangers. After envy and shameful slander, they handed him over to slaughter and to slavery more grievous than slaughter. Do not pass over what I have said lightly. Consider how great a thing it was for a noble youth, raised in his father's house in complete freedom and such great love, suddenly to be sold by brothers who had nothing to accuse him of; to be given over to foreign-speaking men with strange customs, more like wild beasts than human beings; to become cityless, a migrant, a servant, and a foreigner instead of free and at home; and after enjoying such prosperity, to be brought down to the deepest misery of slavery, completely unaccustomed to it, receiving most bitter masters, and being carried away to a foreign land.
Even there the terrible things did not cease. Plots again succeeded plots after the wonderful dreams that had foretold his brothers' obeisance. The merchants who took him did not keep him, but sold him again to other foreigners. You know how great a cause of misery it is to be passed from one set of such masters to another. This makes slavery harder, when the new masters are again foreign and harsher than the earlier ones. He finds himself in Egypt, then mad against God, the source of shameless mouths and blasphemous tongues. He is among Egyptians, one of whom was enough to make great Moses a runaway and a fugitive.
When he had a little respite there, as the God who loves humanity arranged even strange things and made the wild beast who bought him into a sheep, immediately another wrestling ground was prepared for him: an arena, contests, toils more intense than the earlier ones. His mistress saw him in the very flower of youth. Think what youth is, and the prime of youth. Then the flame of nature is more fiercely roused, the storm of desire is great, reason is weaker. Young souls are not strongly fortified with prudence, nor do they put much effort into virtue. The winter of passions is harsher, and the reason that governs the passions is weaker.
Besides his nature and his age, there was also the woman's great licentiousness. Just as Persian hands kindled the Babylonian furnace with great eagerness, providing much fuel for the fire and throwing every fuel at hand into the flame, so that wretched woman kindled a flame more terrible than that furnace: with perfumes, cosmetics on her cheeks, painted eyes, a broken voice, gestures, affected gait, soft garments, gold ornaments, and countless other enchantments by which she tried to bewitch the young man. Like a skilled hunter trying to capture a hard-to-catch animal and using every tool of the craft, she too, knowing the young man's self-control, for it was not likely to escape her notice over so long a time, thought she needed great preparation to capture him. So she used every device of licentiousness.
She was not content with these alone. She also watched for the right time and place for the hunt. She did not attack immediately after being struck by desire, but waited a long time, carrying and preparing this wicked longing, afraid that by haste and improvised plots the prey might escape. Then one day, finding him alone indoors, in the house and doing his usual tasks, she dug the pit deeper. Spreading the wings of pleasure on every side, as if she now held the eagle in the middle of her nets, she came in and caught him alone by herself. Or rather, not alone, for she had with her age, nature, and all her devices. Then she dragged that noble man by force toward the unlawful deed.
What temptation is more terrible than this? What furnace, what flame, is not less fierce than this: a young man in his prime, a slave, alone, cityless, foreign, and sojourning, seized and held by a mistress so licentious, frenzied, wealthy, and armed with such power, in such solitude, for this too contributes greatly to capture, flattered and dragged toward his mistress's bed, after so many dangers and plots? You know how many people, after being weathered by hardships, when they are called to luxury, ease, and a soft, dissipated life, run toward it more eagerly. Not Joseph. He remained firm through everything, showing his endurance.
I would confidently say that that chamber was equal to, or rather more terrible than, the Babylonian furnace, Daniel's den, and the belly of the sea monster into which the prophet fell. In those cases, if the plot prevailed, it destroyed the body. Here it meant the complete ruin of the soul, immortal death, and a calamity with no consolation. This den was terrible not only because of violence and deceit, but because it was full of flattery, a varied and many-sided fire, not burning the body but inflaming the soul itself. Solomon, who knew these things with great accuracy, spoke at length about such women and showed how dangerous they are.
I say this temptation was much more grievous than the envy of his brothers, their hatred, his being sold, his masters, his long absence from home, his stay in a foreign land, the prison, the chain, the long years, and the misery there, because the danger here concerned the final things. But he escaped this war too, and there a wind of dew whistled, both from the grace of God and from the virtue of the young man. Such calm and self-control abounded in him that he even tried to quiet her madness. He came out untouched, just as the young men escaped the Persian flame, for "not even the smell of fire was on them." He was shown to be a great champion of chastity and an imitator of adamant.
Let us see what he enjoyed immediately after this, what followed for the crowned victor after such a contest. Again plots, pits, death, dangers, slanders, and irrational hatred. That wretched woman, driven to frenzy by her grievous madness, consoled love with anger, joined passion to passion, and added unjust rage to licentious desire. After adultery, she became a murderer too. Breathing savagery and looking murderous, she set up a corrupt tribunal: his master, her husband, the foreigner, the Egyptian. She brought an accusation without witnesses. She did not even allow the accused to enter the court, but accused him in his absence, relying on the judge's foolishness and favor, on the credibility of her own person, and on the fact that the accused was a slave. Saying the opposite of what had happened, she prevailed over the judge, persuaded him to deliver the victory to her, condemn the innocent, and inflict the most grievous punishment: immediately prison, removal, chain.
Without even seeing the judge, that wonderful man was condemned. What is still more grievous, he was condemned as an adulterer, as one who had desired his master's bed, violated another's marriage, been caught, been convicted. The judge, the accuser, the many who did not know the truth, and the punishment all made the drama credible. But none of these things disturbed him. He did not say, "Are these the rewards for the dreams? Is this the end of those visions? Are these the prizes for chastity: irrational judgment, unjust verdict, and once more an evil reputation? Recently I was cast out of my father's house as if I were immoral; now I am led into prison as an adulterer and violator of a woman's chastity, and everyone votes against me. My brothers, who are to bow down to me, for this is what the dreams revealed, are free, secure, at ease, in their own country and their father's house. I, who am to rule over them, am bound here with grave robbers, bandits, and thieves. Not even after being cast out of my country am I free from troubles; even in a foreign land, pits and sharpened swords receive me in turn. The woman who did these things and slandered me, deserving to be cut off for both acts of audacity, now dances and leaps as if crowned for trophies and splendid victories, while I, who have done no wrong, pay the final penalty."
He said none of these things and did not think them. Like an athlete passing through wreaths, he rejoiced and was glad, bearing no grudge against those who had wronged him. Do you see a wise soul? Do you see one pure of anger and higher than fearful things? Do you see one grieving for those who wronged him rather than resenting them? When he later spoke, he did not expose his brothers or that bloodthirsty woman. "I was indeed stolen," he says, "from the land of the Hebrews, and here I have done nothing." Nowhere does he name any person, not the pit, not the Ishmaelites, not anyone else.
Even after this, no ordinary trial awaited him. The man who had received such consolation from him, who had been freed from his bonds according to Joseph's prophecy and restored to his former honor, forgot the good deed and the just man's request. The servant was in the royal courts, enjoying great prosperity, while the man shining more brightly than the sun and sending out the bright rays of virtue still lived in prison, with no one to remind the king. More crowns had to be woven for him. Greater prizes had to be prepared. So the double courses of the race were lengthened. God allowed the contests to remain, yet did not completely abandon him. He allowed the plotters to display their devices only so far as not to destroy the athlete or remove the contestant of virtue from the course.
He allowed him to be thrown into a pit and his garment to be stained with blood, but he did not permit them to proceed to slaughter. Though his brother advised otherwise, the whole outcome came from God's providence. The same happened with the Egyptian woman. Tell me, why did that hot-tempered and licentious man not immediately cut down or hand over to the fire the one he believed to be an adulterer who had wronged his wife? You know how spirited and wrathful the Egyptians are; that passion belongs to them in excess. He was irrational enough to judge from one side and not grant the accused even a hearing. Yet when it came to punishment, he showed much restraint, though he saw his wife raving, raging, lamenting the violence, carrying around her torn garment, and being more inflamed by this, wailing and mourning. None of this drove him to slaughter. Why? Is it not clear that the one who bridled the lions and cooled the furnace also restrained this beast's immense anger and quenched his unspeakable wrath, so that the punishment would be mixed in due measure?
One can see the same in the prison. God permitted Joseph to be bound and to live with the condemned, but he snatched him from the harshness of the jailer. You know what a jailer is like. But then he was gentle and mild to Joseph. He not only subjected him to no torments, but also made him ruler of all who were there. And this after receiving him as a convicted adulterer, a notorious prisoner and adulterer, for the deed was thought to have been dared not in a humble house but in a great and illustrious one. Nevertheless none of these things frightened the jailer or persuaded him to be harsh to Joseph.
Crowns were woven for the righteous man from his sufferings, and God's help flowed in with great abundance. I wanted to add more length to the letter, but since I think even this has already exceeded its measure by a great deal, I end my discourse here and exhort your piety with what I have always continued to exhort: be rid of despondency. Glorify God, as you have always done and continue to do. Give thanks to him for all these difficult and painful things. In this way you will reap the greatest goods, give the devil a fatal blow, provide much consolation to us, and be able with great ease to dispel the cloud of despondency and enjoy a pure calm. Do not grow faint. Rise out of this smoke. If you wish, you will scatter all this despondency more easily than smoke. Make this clear to me again, so that even though I am far away, I may reap much gladness from such letters.
AI-assisted translation - This translation was produced with AI assistance and has not been peer-reviewed. See the 19th-century translation or original Latin/Greek below for scholarly use.
Latin / Greek Original
10.t ΕΠΙΣΤΟΛΗ Ιʹ 10.1 Καὶ τὰ σώματα τὰ σφοδροῖς παλαίσαντα πυρετοῖς, καὶ τὰ πελάγη τὰ ἀγρίοις πυκτεύσαντα πνεύμασιν οὐκ ἀθρόον οὔτε ἐκεῖνα τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν πυρετῶν βλάβην, οὔτε ταῦτα τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν κυμάτων ἀποτίθενται ζάλην, ἀλλ' ἠρέμα καὶ κατὰ μικρόν. Καὶ γὰρ τὰ σώματα πλείονος δεῖται χρόνου ὥστε μετὰ τὴν τῶν πυρετῶν ἀπαλλαγὴν εἰς καθαρὰν ἐπανελθεῖν ὑγίειαν καὶ ἀπονίψασθαι τὸν ἀπὸ τῆς ἀρρωστίας ἐναπομείναντα αὐτοῖς μαλακισμόν· τὰ δὲ ὕδατα, καὶ τῶν πνευμάτων παυσαμένων, ἐπιπολὺ σαλευόμενα καὶ κινούμενα μένει φερόμενά τε καὶ πολλῇ πάλιν ἐπαγόμενα τῇ ῥύμῃ καὶ δεῖται καὶ αὐτὰ χρόνου ὥστε εἰς καθαρὰν ἐπανελθεῖν γαλήνην. Ταῦτα δέ μοι εἴρηται τὰ προοίμια πρὸς τὴν σὴν εὐλάβειαν οὐχ ἁπλῶς, ἀλλ' ἵνα μάθῃς ὅτι καὶ ταύτην ἀναγκαίως σοι πέμπομεν τὴν ἐπιστολήν. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ τὴν τυραννίδα κατελύσαμεν τῆς ἀθυμίας καὶ τὴν ἀκρόπολιν ταύτης κατεσκάψαμεν διὰ τῶν ἔμπροσθεν γραμμάτων, ἀλλ' ὅμως πολλῆς ἔτι χρεία τῷ λόγῳ τῆς προσεδρίας, ἵνα σοι καὶ βαθεῖαν ἐργάσηται τὴν εἰρήνην καὶ τὴν μνήμην πάντων τῶν ἐξ ἐκείνης γενομένων ἐξαλείψασα θορύβων λευκήν σοι καὶ παγίαν δείξῃ γαλήνην, καὶ ἐν πολλῇ σε καταστήσῃ τῇ εὐθυμίᾳ. Τοῦτο γὰρ ἡμῖν τὸ σπουδαζόμενον οὐκ ἀθυμίας σε ἀπαλλάξαι μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ εὐφροσύνης ἐμπλῆσαι πολλῆς καὶ διηνεκοῦς. ∆υνατὸν γὰρ ἂν ἐθέλῃς. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐν τοῖς ἀκινή τοις τῆς φύσεως νόμοις οὓς ἀναμοχλεῦσαι ἡμῖν ἀδύνατον καὶ μεταθεῖναι, ἀλλ' ἐν ἐλευθέροις τοῖς τῆς προαιρέσεως λογισμοῖς οὓς μεταχειρίζειν ἡμῖν ῥᾴδιον τὰ τῆς εὐθυμίας ἀπόκειται. Καὶ οἶσθα, εἴ γε μέμνησαι καὶ πρώην-οὐ γὰρ πολὺς ὁ μεταξὺ χρόνος-, πολλούς μοι καὶ μακροὺς ὑπὲρ τούτων ἀναλωθέντας λόγους, ὅτε δὴ συνεχῶς ἐπέλεγον τὰς ἱστορίας ἃς εἰς μέσον ἦγον. Οὐ γὰρ ἐν τῇ φύσει τῶν πραγμάτων οὕτως ὡς ἐν τῇ γνώμῃ τῶν ἀνθρώπων τὰ τῆς εὐθυμίας ἵστασθαι πέφυκεν. Ἐπεὶ οὖν τοῦτο τοῦτον ἔχει τὸν τρόπον, καὶ πολλοὶ τῷ πλούτῳ περιρρεόμενοι τὸν βίον ἀβίωτον ἐνόμισαν εἶναι, ἕτεροι δὲ πενίᾳ συζῶντες ἐσχάτῃ πάντων εὐθυμότεροι διετέλεσαν, καὶ οἱ μὲν δορυφορίας ἀπολαύοντες καὶ δόξης καὶ τιμῆς πολλάκις αὐτῶν ἐπηράσαντο τὴν ζωήν, οἱ δὲ ἄσημοι καὶ ἐξ ἀσήμων καὶ οὐδενὶ γνώριμοι πολλῶν ἑαυτοὺς μακαριωτέρους εἶναι ἐνόμισαν-οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐν τῇ φύσει τῶν πραγμάτων ὡς ἐν τῇ γνώμῃ ἀνθρώπων τὰ τῆς εὐθυμίας· οὐ γὰρ παύσομαι συνεχῶς τοῦτο ἐπᾴδων-, μὴ ἀναπέσῃς, ἀλλὰ διανάστηθι καὶ χεῖρα ὄρεξον τῷ λόγῳ καὶ τὴν καλὴν ταύτην παράσχου συμμαχίαν ἡμῖν, ἵνα σε ὁλοσχερῶς ἐξαρπάσωμεν τῆς πικρᾶς τῶν λογισμῶν αἰχμαλωσίας. Εἰ γὰρ μὴ βουληθείης καὶ αὐτὴ τοσαύτην σπουδὴν ποιήσασθαι ὅσην καὶ ἡμεῖς, οὐδὲν ἡμῖν ὄφελος ἔσται τῆς ἰατρείας. Καὶ τί θαυμαστὸν εἰ ἐφ' ἡμῖν τοῦτο συμβαίνει; Καὶ γὰρ ὁ πάντα δυνάμενος Θεός, ὅταν παραινῇ καὶ συμβουλεύῃ, ὁ δὲ ἀκούων μὴ πείθηται τοῖς λεγομένοις, οὐδέποτε γίνεταί τι πλέον, ἀλλὰ καὶ μείζονος ἔσται κολάσεως ἐφόδιον τοῦτο τῷ μὴ πεισθέντι. Καὶ τοῦτο δηλῶν ὁ Χριστὸς ἔλεγεν· «Εἰ μὴ ἦλθον καὶ ἐλάλησα αὐτοῖς, ἁμαρτίαν οὐκ εἶχον· νῦν δὲ πρόφασιν οὐκ ἔχουσι περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας αὐτῶν.» ∆ιὰ δὴ τοῦτο καὶ τὴν Ἱερουσαλὴμ θρηνῶν τούτου γε αὐτοῦ ἕνεκεν, ἔλεγεν· «Ἱερουσαλήμ, Ἱερουσαλὴμ ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήτας καὶ λιθοβολοῦσα τοὺς ἀπεσταλμένους πρὸς αὐτήν, ποσάκις ἠθέλησα ἐπισυναγαγεῖν τὰ τέκνα ὑμῶν καὶ οὐκ ἠθελήσατε; Ἰδοὺ ἀφίεται ὁ οἶκος ὑμῶν ἔρημος.» 10.2 Ταῦτα οὖν εἰδυῖα, δέσποινά μου θεοφιλεστάτη, κάμνε καὶ φιλονείκει καὶ βιάζου τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν εἰρημένων ἔχουσα συμμαχίαν, ἐξωθεῖσθαι καὶ ἐκβάλλειν μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς σφοδρότητος τοὺς ταράττοντάς σε λογισμοὺς καὶ θόρυβον καὶ ζάλην ἐμποιοῦντας τοσαύτην. Ἀλλ' ὅτι μὲν ἐργάσῃ τοῦτο καὶ ἀνέξῃ τῆς παραινέσεως τῆς ἡμετέρας, οὐδένα οἶμαι δεῖν ἀμφιβάλλειν, δεῖ δέ σοι κατασκευάσαι λοιπὸν ξίφη καὶ δόρατα καὶ τόξα καὶ βέλη καὶ θώρακα καὶ ἀσπίδα καὶ κνημῖδας ὥστε τοῖς μὲν φράττεσθαι, τοῖς δὲ βάλλειν καὶ κατασφάττειν καὶ νεκροὺς τιθέναι τοὺς ἐπιόντας σοι τῆς ταραχῆς λογισμούς. Πόθεν οὖν σοι τὰ μηχανήματα ταῦτα καὶ τὰς σφενδόνας κατασκευάσομεν ὥστε μηδὲ ἐγγὺς ἀφεῖναι προσιέναι τοὺς πολεμίους, ἀλλ' ὡς πορρωτάτω μετὰ πολλῆς ἀπελαύνειν τῆς ὑπερβολῆς; Ἀπὸ τῆς ἀθυμίας αὐτῆς, ὀλίγα τινὰ περὶ αὐτῆς φιλοσοφήσαντες καὶ δείξαντες ὅπως βαρὺ τὸ πρᾶγμα καὶ ἐπαχθές. Ἡ γὰρ ἀθυμία ψυχῶν ἐστι βασανιστήριον χαλεπόν, ὀδύνη τις ἄρρητος καὶ δίκη δίκης ἁπάσης καὶ τιμωρίας πικροτέρα. Καὶ γὰρ σκώληκα μιμεῖται ἰοβόλον, οὐχὶ τῆς σαρκὸς μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτῆς καθαπτομένη τῆς ψυχῆς, καὶ σής ἐστιν οὐχὶ ὀστέων μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ διανοίας, καὶ δήμιος διηνεκὴς οὐ πλευρὰς καταξαίνων, ἀλλὰ καὶ δύναμιν ψυχῆς λυμαινόμενος καὶ νὺξ διηνεκὴς καὶ σκότος ἀφεγγὲς καὶ χειμὼν καὶ ζάλη καὶ πυρετὸς ἀφανὴς πάσης φλογὸς σφοδρότερον κατακαίων καὶ πόλεμος ἀνακωχὴν οὐκ ἔχων, νόσος πολλοῖς τῶν ὁρωμένων ἐπισκοτοῦσα. Ὅ τε γὰρ ἥλιος, ἥ τε τοῦ ἀέρος φύσις τούτου τοῦ διειδοῦς τοῖς οὕτω διακειμένοις παρενοχλεῖν δοκεῖ καὶ ἐν μεσημβρίᾳ μέσῃ νύκτα μιμεῖται βαθεῖαν. ∆ιὸ καὶ ὁ θαυμάσιος προφήτης τοῦτο δηλῶν ἔλεγε· «∆ύσεται ὁ ἥλιος αὐτοῖς ἐν μεσημβρίᾳ», οὐχ ὡς ἀφανιζομένου τοῦ ἄστρου οὐδ' ὡς τοῦ συνήθους διακοπτομένου δρόμου, ἀλλ' ὡς τῆς ἀθυμούσης ψυχῆς ἐν τῷ φανοτάτῳ τῆς ἡμέρας νύκτα φανταζομένης. Οὐ γὰρ τοιοῦτο τῆς νυκτὸς τὸ σκότος, οἵα τῆς ἀθυμίας ἡ νὺξ οὐ κατὰ νόμον φύσεως παραγενομένη, ἀλλὰ κατὰ λογισμῶν σκότωσιν συναγομένη, φοβερά τις οὖσα καὶ ἀφόρητος, ἀμείλικτον ἔχουσα τὸ πρόσωπον, τυράννου παντὸς ὠμοτέρα, οὐδενὶ ταχέως εἴκουσα τῶν διαλύειν αὐτὴν ἐπιχειρούντων, ἀλλ' ἀδάμαντος στερρότερον κατέχουσα πολλάκις τὴν ἁλοῦσαν ψυχήν, ὅταν αὐτὴ μὴ πολλῇ ᾖ κεχρημένη τῇ φιλοσοφίᾳ. 10.3 Τί δεῖ πολλὰ λέγειν οἴκοθεν περὶ αὐτῆς ἀποφαινόμενον, παρὸν ἐπὶ τοὺς ἁλόντας ἐλθεῖν κἀκεῖθεν αὐτῆς τὴν ἰσχὺν ἅπασαν καταμαθεῖν; Μᾶλλον δέ, εἰ δοκεῖ, τέως πρότερον ἑτέρωθεν αὐτῆς ποιησόμεθα τὴν ἀπόδειξιν. Ὅτε γὰρ ἥμαρτεν ὁ Ἀδὰμ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν ἐκείνην τὴν χαλεπὴν καὶ τὸ κοινὸν ἁπάντων ἀνθρώπων κατεδίκασε γένος, λύπῃ τότε κατεδικάζετο· ἡ δὲ μεῖζον ἁμαρτοῦσα καὶ οὕτω μείζονα ὡς τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τὴν τούτου πρὸς ἐκείνην συγκρινομένην μηδὲ ἁμαρ τίαν εἶναι νομίζεσθαι· «Ἀδὰμ γὰρ οὐκ ἠπατήθη, φησίν, ἡ δὲ γυνὴ ἀπατηθεῖσα ἐν παραβάσει γέγονεν», αὕτη τοίνυν ἡ ἀπατηθεῖσα καὶ ἐν παραβάσει γενομένη, καὶ τὸ δηλητήριον καὶ ἑαυτῇ καὶ τῷ ἀνδρὶ κεράσασα φάρμακον, πλείονι ταύτῃ κατακρίνεται ὡς κατατεῖναι δυναμένῃ τοῦ μόχθου μειζόνως· «Πληθύνων γάρ, φησί, πληθυνῶ τὰς λύπας σου καὶ τὸν στεναγμόν σου. Ἐν λύπαις τέξῃ τέκνα.» Οὐδαμοῦ πόνος, οὐδαμοῦ ἱδρὼς καὶ οὐδαμοῦ μόχθος, ἀλλ' ἀθυμία καὶ στεναγμὸς καὶ ἡ ἐντεῦθεν τιμωρία καὶ πόνων καὶ μυρίων θανάτων ἀντίρροπος οὖσα, μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ πολλῷ χαλεπωτέρα. Καίτοι τί θανάτου χεῖρον; Οὐχὶ τὸ κεφάλαιον τῶν ἐν ἀνθρώποις κακῶν, τὸ φοβερὸν καὶ ἀφόρητον καὶ μυρίων ἄξιον θρήνων τοῦτο εἶναι δοκεῖ; Οὐχὶ παρανομίας τῆς χαλεπωτάτης ταύτην ἔφησεν εἶναι δίκην ὁ Παῦλος; Τοὺς γὰρ ἀναξίως τῶν ἱερῶν ἁπτομένους μυστηρίων καὶ τῆς φρικτῆς ἐκείνης μετέχοντας τραπέζης ταύτην ἔφησε τίνειν δίκην οὕτω λέγων· «∆ιὰ τοῦτο ἐν ὑμῖν πολλοὶ ἀσθενεῖς καὶ ἄρρωστοι καὶ κοιμῶνται ἱκανοί.» Οὐχὶ καὶ νομοθέται πάντες τοὺς τὰ ἀνήκεστα πλημμελοῦντας τούτῳ καταδικάζουσι τῷ ἐπιτιμίῳ; Καὶ ὁ Θεὸς δὲ οὐ ταύτην ἐσχάτην ἐπέθηκεν τιμωρίαν ἐν τῷ νόμῳ τοῖς μεγάλα πλημμελοῦσιν; Οὐ διὰ τὸν τούτου φόβον ὁ πατριάρχης ἐκεῖνος ὁ καὶ τὴν φύσιν αὐτὴν νικήσας τὴν γυναῖκα τὴν ἑαυτοῦ κατεδέξατο ἡδυπαθείαις ἐκδοῦναι βαρβαρικαῖς καὶ Αἰγυπτιακῇ τυραννίδι, καὶ τὸ δρᾶμα τῆς ὕβρεως αὐτός τε κατεσκεύαζε καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα παρεκάλει τὴν χαλεπὴν ταύτην συνυποκρίνασθαι τραγῳδίαν αὐτῷ; Καὶ οὐδὲ τὴν αἰτίαν αἰσχύνεται τιθεὶς τῆς τοιαύτης σκηνῆς· «Ἔσται γάρ, φησίν, ὡς ἐὰν ἴδωσί σε οὕτω τῇ ὥρᾳ λάμπουσαν καὶ τῷ κάλλει τῆς ὄψεως κρατοῦσαν, ἀποκτενοῦσί με, σὲ δὲ περιποιήσονται. Εἰπὲ οὖν ὅτι ἀδελφή μου εἶ, ἵνα εὖ μοι γένηται διὰ σὲ καὶ ζήσεται ἡ ψυχή μου ἕνεκεν σοῦ.» Εἶδες φόβον, εἶδες τρόμον κατασείοντα τὴν ὑψηλὴν ἐκείνην καὶ φιλόσοφον ψυχήν; Εἶδες τὸν ἀδάμαντα διαλυθέντα τῇ ἀγωνίᾳ; Ψεύδεται τὸ γένος καὶ ἕτερον ἀνθ' ἑτέρου παρατίθησι τῇ γυναικὶ τὸ προσωπεῖον καὶ τοῖς λύκοις εὐάλωτον ποιεῖ τὴν ἀμνάδα· καὶ ὃ πάντων ἐστὶν ἀνδράσιν ἀφορητότερον γυναῖκα ἰδεῖν ὑβριζομένην μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ ὑποπτεῦσαι μόνον, τοῦτο-καὶ τὸ τούτου χαλεπώτερον· οὐδὲ γὰρ ὑποψία ἦν, ἀλλ' ὕβρις ἔργῳ τολμωμένη-οὐ μόνον ὁρᾷ, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὅπως τολμηθείη κατασκευάζει καὶ κοῦφον αὐτῷ φαίνεται τοῦτο καὶ φορητόν. Καὶ γὰρ πάθος ἐκράτει πάθους, τοῦ χαλεποῦ τὸ χαλεπώτερον καὶ ζηλοτυπίας περιεγένετο δειλία θανάτου. Καὶ ὁ μέγας δὲ Ἠλίας ἐκεῖνος διὰ τὸν τούτου φόβον δραπέτης καὶ φυγὰς καὶ μετανάστης ἐγένετο, ἀπειλὴν μόνον δείσας πορνευομένης καὶ ἐναγοῦς γυναικός· καὶ ὁ τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀποκλείσας καὶ τοσαῦτα θαύματα ἐργασάμενος, ῥημάτων φόβον οὐκ ἤνεγκεν· ἀλλ' οὕτω τὴν οὐρανομήκη ψυχὴν ἐκείνην κατέσεισεν ἡ ἀγωνία ὡς καὶ πατρίδα καὶ δῆμον τοσοῦτον δι' ὃν τοσαῦτα παρεκινδύνευσε καταλιπεῖν ἀθρόον καὶ μόνον τεσσαράκοντα ἡμερῶν ὁδεῦσαι ὁδὸν καὶ πρὸς τὴν ἐρημίαν μετοικισθῆναι, μετὰ τὴν παρρησίαν ἐκείνην, μετὰ τὴν τοσαύτην ἐλευθεροστομίαν, μετὰ τὴν τοσαύτην τῆς ἀνδρείας ἐπίδειξιν. Καὶ γὰρ φοβερὰ σφόδρα τοῦ πράγματος ἡ φύσις· διά τοι τοῦτο καθ' ἑκάστην ἡμέραν ἐπιοῦσα ἡμῶν τὸ γένος, οὕτω καθ' ἕκαστον ἡμᾶς ἐκπλήττει νεκρὸν καὶ συγχέει καὶ συστέλλει ὡς ἀθρόον τότε φαινομένη. Καὶ οὐδὲν ἴσχυσεν εἰς παραμυθίαν ἡ τοῦ χρόνου μελέτη, οὐδὲ τὸ καθ' ἑκάστην ἐν ταύτῃ γυμνάζεσθαι τῇ θεωρίᾳ· οὐδὲ ἐπαλαιώθη τῷ χρόνῳ τὰ τῆς ἀθυμίας καὶ τῆς ἐκπλήξεως ταύτης, ἀλλὰ νεάζει καὶ ἀκμάζει διηνεκῶς καὶ τὸν φόβον ἀκραιφνῆ καὶ ἀνθοῦντα ἔρχεται καθ' ἑκάστην φέρουσα τὴν ἡμέραν. Καὶ μάλα εἰκότως. Τίς γὰρ οὐκ ἂν συγχυθείη καὶ καταπέσοι, ὅταν ἴδῃ τὸν χθὲς καὶ πρὸ ὀλίγων ἡμερῶν βαδίζοντα, ἄγοντα, φέροντα μυρία πράγματα, οἰκίας, γυναικός, παίδων, οἰκετῶν, πολλάκις δὲ καὶ πόλεων ὁλοκλήρων προϊστάμενον, ἀπειλοῦντα, φοβοῦντα, λύοντα κολάσεις, ἐπάγοντα κολάσεις, μυρία κατὰ πόλεις καὶ χώρας ἐργαζόμενον, ἀθρόον λίθων ἀφωνότερον κείμενον καὶ μυρίων κωκυόντων καὶ τῶν φιλτάτων κατακοπτομένων καὶ τῆς γυναικὸς καταθρυπτομένης, παρειὰς ξαινούσης, πλοκάμους λυούσης, χοροὺς περιιστάσης θεραπαινίδων μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς ὀλολυγῆς, οὐδενὸς αἰσθανόμενον καὶ πάντα ἐξαίφνης ἐκποδὼν καὶ λογισμὸν καὶ διάνοιαν καὶ ψυχὴν καὶ ὄψεως ἄνθος καὶ μελῶν κίνησιν καὶ τὰ ἀτερπῆ διαδεχόμενα, ἀφωνίαν, ἀναισθησίαν, φθοράν, ἰχῶρα, σκώληκας, τέφραν, κόνιν, δυσωδίαν, ἀφανισμὸν παντελῆ καὶ εἰς ὀστέα εἰδεχθῆ καὶ ἄσημα τὸ πᾶν ἐπειγόμενον καταλῦσαι σῶμα; 10.4 Ἀλλ' ὅμως τὸ φοβερὸν τοῦτο καὶ διὰ τῶν πραγμάτων δεικνύμενον καὶ διὰ τῆς τῶν ἁγίων ἐκείνων δειλίας ἀθυμίας πολὺ κουφότερον. Ταύτης γὰρ ἕνεκεν τοὺς μακροὺς τούτους τῶν λόγων διαύλους ἀνήλωσα, ἵνα σε διδάξω οἵαν τίνεις δίκην καὶ ἀντίρροπον αὐτῆς μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ πολλῷ μείζονα τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀναμένεις τὴν ἀμοιβήν. Καὶ ἵνα μάθῃς ὅτι ταῦτα τοῦτον ἔχει τὸν τρόπον, ἐπὶ τοὺς ἁλόντας λοιπὸν καταφεύξομαι εἰς ὃ ἔμπροσθεν ἠπειγόμην ἐλθεῖν. Ὁ γὰρ τῶν Ἑβραίων δῆμος, Μωϋσέως ἐλθόντος καὶ ἐλευθερίαν εὐαγγελιζομένου καὶ τῶν Αἰγυπτιακῶν κακῶν ἀπαλλαγήν, οὐδὲ ἀκοῦσαι ἠνέσχετο καὶ τὴν αἰτίαν τιθεὶς ὁ νομοθέτης ἔλεγεν· «Ἐλάλησε δὲ Μωϋσῆς τῷ λαῷ καὶ οὐκ ἤκουσεν ὁ λαὸς Μωϋσέως ἀπὸ τῆς ὀλιγοψυχίας.» Καὶ ὅταν μεγάλας ἀπειλῇ τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις ὁ Θεὸς ἀπειλὰς ὑπὲρ παρανομίας πολλῆς μετὰ τὴν αἰχμαλωσίαν καὶ τὴν ἐν ἀλλοτρίᾳ διατριβὴν καὶ τοὺς λιμοὺς καὶ τοὺς λοιμοὺς καὶ τὴν ἀνθρωποφαγίαν καὶ ταύτην ἐπάγει τὴν δίκην λέγων· «∆ώσω αὐτοῖς καρδίαν ἀθυμοῦσαν καὶ ἐκλείποντας ὀφθαλμοὺς καὶ τηκομένην ψυχήν.» Ἀλλὰ τί χρὴ λέγειν Ἰουδαίους, δῆμον ἄτακτον, ἀγνώμονα καὶ τῇ σαρκὶ δεδουλωμένον καὶ φιλοσοφεῖν οὐκ εἰδότα, παρὸν ἀπὸ τῶν μεγάλων ἐκείνων καὶ ὑψηλῶν ἀνδρῶν λαβεῖν τὴν ἀπόδειξιν; Ὁ γὰρ τῶν ἀποστόλων χορὸς τρίτον ἔτος συγγενόμενος τῷ Χριστῷ καὶ πολλὰ περὶ ἀθανασίας παιδευθεὶς καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἀπορρήτων, σημεῖά τε ἐργασάμενοι θαυμαστὰ καὶ παράδοξα καὶ αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον χρόνον θαυματουργοῦντα θεασάμενοι καὶ τραπέζης αὐτῷ καὶ ὁμιλίας καὶ λόγων τοιούτων κοινωνήσαντες καὶ πάντα παιδευθέντες τρόπον, ἐπειδὴ ῥημάτων ἤκουσαν ἀθυμίαν αὐτοῖς ἐμποιούντων, συνεχῶς αὐτὸν κατέχοντες καὶ ἐκκρεμάμενοι καθάπερ ὑπομάζια παιδία καὶ διηνεκῶς αὐτὸν ἐρωτῶντες· «Ποῦ ὑπάγεις;» οὕτω τῇ τυραννίδι τῆς ἀθυμίας ἐσβέσθησαν ταύτης καὶ ὅλοι τῆς λύπης ἐγένοντο ὡς μηκέτι αὐτοῦ ταῦτα πυνθάνεσθαι. Καὶ τοῦτο ὀνειδίζων αὐτοῖς ὁ Χριστὸς ἔλεγεν· «Ἠκούσατε ὅτι ὑπάγω πρὸς τὸν πέμψαντά με καὶ ἔρχομαι πρὸς ὑμᾶς καὶ οὐδεὶς ἐξ ὑμῶν ἐρωτᾷ με· Ποῦ ὑπάγεις; Ἀλλὰ ὅτι ταῦτα λελάληκα ὑμῖν, ἡ λύπη πεπλήρωκεν ὑμῶν τὴν καρδίαν.» Εἶδες ἔρωτα πῶς ἐπεσκότησεν ἀθυμίας τυραννὶς καὶ πῶς αἰχμαλώτους εἰργάσατο καὶ αὐτῆς εἶναι πεποίηκεν; Ὁ δὲ Ἠλίας πάλιν ἐκεῖνος-οὐ γὰρ ἀποστήσομαι αὐτοῦ οὐδὲ νῦν-μετὰ τὴν φυγὴν καὶ τὴν ἀναχώρησιν τὴν ἀπὸ Παλαιστίνης, οὐ φέρων τῆς ἀθυμίας τὴν τυραννίδα-καὶ γὰρ σφόδρα ἠθύμει· τοῦτο γοῦν ὁ τὴν ἰστορίαν γράψας ἐδήλου λέγων ὅτι «Ἀπῆλθε κατὰ τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ»-, ἄκουσον τί φησιν εὐχόμενος· «Ἱκανούσθω τὰ νῦν, Κύριε. Λάβε τὴν ψυχήν μου ἀπ' ἐμοῦ, ὅτι οὐ κρείττων ἐγώ εἰμι ὑπὲρ τοὺς πατέρας μου.» Καὶ τὸ φοβερώτατον ἐκεῖνο, τὸν κολοφῶνα τῆς τιμωρίας, τὸ κεφάλαιον τῶν κακῶν, τὸ πάσης ἁμαρτίας ἐπιτίμιον, τοῦτο ἐν εὐχῆς αἰτεῖ τάξει καὶ ἐν χάριτος μέρει βούλεται λαβεῖν. Οὕτω πολὺ θανάτου βαρύτερον ἀθυμία. Ἵνα γὰρ ἐκείνην διαφύγῃ, καταφεύγει ἐπὶ τοῦτον. 10.5 Ἐνταῦθα δέ σοι καὶ ζήτημά τι διαλῦσαι βούλομαι. Οἶδα γάρ σου τὴν περὶ τὰς λύσεις τῶν τοιούτων ἐπιθυμίαν καὶ σφόδρα ἐπίσταμαι ὅσον σοι χαριοῦμαι. Τί ποτ' οὖν ἐστι τὸ ζήτημα; Εἰ θάνατον κουφότερον ἀθυμίας εἶναι ἐνόμιζε, διὰ τί καὶ πατρίδα καὶ δῆμον, ἵνα μὴ θανάτῳ περιπέσῃ, καταλιπὼν ἀπέδρα; πῶς δὲ τότε αὐτὸν φεύγων νῦν αὐτὸν ἐπιζητεῖ; Ἵνα εἰδῇς καὶ ἐντεῦθεν μάλιστα πῶς χαλεπώτερον ἀθυμία θανάτου. Ὅτε μὲν γὰρ αὐτὸν ἐκεῖνος ὁ φόβος κατέσεισε μόνος, εἰκότως ἅπαντα ἔπραττεν ὥστε αὐτὸν ἐκφυγεῖν. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἐγκαθημένη αὕτη τὴν οἰκείαν ἐπεδείξατο φύσιν, κατεσθίουσα, δαπανῶσα, τοῖς ὀδοῦσιν αὐτὸν καταναλίσκουσα, ἀφόρητος αὐτῷ γενομένη, τότε δὴ λοιπὸν τὸ πάντων βαρύτερον κουφότερον αὐτῆς εἶναι ἐνόμισεν. Οὕτω καὶ Ἰωνᾶς ἐκείνην φεύγων ἐπὶ τοῦτον κατέφυγε καὶ αὐτὸς θάνατον αἰτεῖ λέγων· «Λάβε τὴν ψυχήν μου ἀπ' ἐμοῦ ὅτι καλόν μοι τὸ ἀποθανεῖν ἢ ζῆν με.» Καὶ ὁ ∆αυῒδ δέ, εἴτε ἐξ οἰκείου προσώπου εἴτε ἑτέρων τινῶν ὀδυρομένων ψαλμὸν γράφων, τὸ αὐτὸ δὴ τοῦτο ἐνδείκνυται· «Ἐν γὰρ τῷ συστῆναι τὸν ἁμαρτωλὸν ἐναντίον μου, φησίν, ἐκωφώθην καὶ ἐταπεινώθην καὶ ἐσίγησα ἐξ ἀγαθῶν καὶ τὸ ἄλγημά μου ἀνεκαινίσθη. Ἐθερμάνθη ἡ καρδία μου ἐντός μου καὶ ἐν τῇ μελέτῃ μου ἐκκαυθήσεται πῦρ», ἐκεῖνο τὸ πῦρ καὶ πυρὸς σφοδρότερον τὸ τῆς ἀθυμίας πάθος δηλῶν. ∆ιὸ μηκέτι φέρων τὰς πληγὰς αὐτῆς καὶ τὰς ὀδύνας φησίν· «Ἐλάλησα ἐν γλώσσῃ μου...» Καὶ τί λαλεῖς, εἰπέ μοι; Θάνατον καὶ οὗτος αἰτεῖ λέγων· «Γνώρισόν μοι, Κύριε, τὸ πέρας μου καὶ τὸν ἀριθμὸν τῶν ἡμερῶν μου τίς ἐστιν, ἵνα γνῶ τί ὑστερῶ ἐγώ», ἑτέροις μὲν ῥήμασι, τοῖς δὲ αὐτοῖς νοήμασι τὰ τοῦ Ἠλίου φθεγγόμενος. Ὅπερ γὰρ ἐκεῖνος εἶπεν ὅτι «Οὐ κρείττων ἐγώ εἰμι ὑπὲρ τοὺς πατέρας μου» τοῦτο καὶ οὗτος ᾐνίξατο λέγων· «Γνώρισόν μοι, Κύριε, τὸ πέρας μου, ἵνα γνῶ τί ὑστερῶ ἐγώ.» Τίνος ἕνεκεν ἀπελείφθην, φησίν, ἐγὼ καὶ ὑστερῶ καὶ ἐν τῷ παρόντι διατρίβω βίῳ, τῶν ἄλλων ἀπελθόντων; Καὶ οὕτως αὐτὸν ἐπιζητεῖ, εἴτε αὐτός, εἴτε ἐκεῖνοι ὧν τῷ προσώπῳ κεχρημένος φθέγγεται ὅτι, καὶ μὴ παρόντος, τὸν καιρὸν τῆς παρουσίας ἐπιθυμεῖ μαθεῖν· «Γνώρισόν μοι, φησί, τὸ πέρας μου», ἵνα καὶ ἐντεῦθεν μεγίστην καρπώσηται τὴν ἡδονήν. Οὕτω τὸ φοβερὸν ποθεινὸν γίνεται διὰ τὴν ἀφόρη τον τῆς ἀθυμίας ὀδύνην καὶ τὸ πῦρ τὸ ἐκκαιόμενον ἐν τῇ διανοίᾳ. «Ἐν γὰρ τῇ μελέτῃ μου, φησίν, ἐκκαυθήσεται πῦρ.» Τοσαύτην τοίνυν τίνουσα τιμωρίαν μεγάλας προσδόκα τὰς ἀμοιβάς, πολλὰ τὰ βραβεῖα, ἀφάτους τὰς ἀντιδόσεις, φαιδροὺς καὶ σφόδρα ἀνθοῦντας τῶν τοσούτων ἀγώνων τοὺς στεφάνους. Οὐ γὰρ τὸ ποιῆσαί τι χρηστὸν μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ παθεῖν τι κακὸν πολλὰς ἔχει τὰς ἀμοιβὰς καὶ μεγάλα τὰ ἔπαθλα. Καὶ πρὸς τοῦτο ἤδη βαδιοῦμαι τὸν λόγον σφόδρα καὶ σοὶ καὶ πᾶσι χρηστὸν ὄντα καὶ ἱκανὸν εἰς ὑπομονὴν ἀλεῖψαι καὶ πρὸς καρτερίαν διεγεῖραι καὶ μὴ ἀφιέναι πρὸς τοὺς τῶν παθημάτων καταμαλακίζεσθαι ἱδρῶτας. 10.6 Ὅτι μὲν οὖν ἁπάντων τῶν παθημάτων χαλεπώτερον ἀθυμία καὶ ὁ κολοφὼν καὶ τὸ κεφάλαιον τῶν δεινῶν, τοῦτο ἱκανῶς ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος ἀπέδειξε· λείπεται τοίνυν κατορθωμάτων καὶ παθημάτων ποιήσασθαι σύγκρισιν, ἵνα μάθῃς σαφῶς ὅτι οὐ κατορθώμασι μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ παθήμασιν ἀμοιβαὶ κεῖνται, καὶ ἀμοιβαὶ σφόδρα μεγάλαι, καὶ παθήμασιν οὐκ ἔλαττον ἢ κατορθώμασιν, μᾶλλον δὲ ἔστιν ὅπου καὶ πλείονα παθήμασιν. Καὶ εἰσαγάγωμεν, εἰ δοκεῖ, τὸν μέγαν τῆς ὑπομονῆς ἀθλητὴν τὸν ἐν ἑκατέροις διαλάμψαντα τούτοις, τὸν ἀδάμαντα, τὴν πέτραν, τὸν ἐν τῇ Αὐσίτιδι μὲν γενόμενον χώρᾳ, πᾶσαν δὲ τὴν οἰκουμένην καταλάμψαντα τῇ τῆς οἰκείας ἀρετῆς ὑπερβολῇ, καὶ εἴπωμεν αὐτοῦ τά τε κατορθώματα καὶ τὰ παθήματα, ἵνα εἰδῇς πόθεν μειζόνως διέλαμψε. Τίνα οὖν αὐτοῦ τὰ κατορθώματα; «Ἡ οἰκία μου, φησί, παντὶ ἐλθόντι ἠνέῳκτο καὶ κοινὸς ἦν τοῖς ὁδοιπόροις λιμήν.» Καὶ τοῖς δεομένοις τὰ αὐτοῦ πάντα σχεδὸν ἐκέκτητο. «Ἐγὼ γὰρ ἤμην, φησίν, ὀφθαλμὸς τυφλῶν, ποῦς δὲ χωλῶν. Ἐγὼ ἤμην πατὴρ ἀδυνάτων, δίκην δὲ ἣν οὐκ ᾔδειν ἐξιχνίασα καὶ συνέτριψα μύλας ἀδίκων καὶ ἐκ μέσου ὀδόντων αὐτῶν ἐξήρπασα ἅρπαγμα. Ἀδύνατοι δὲ ἥν ποτε εἶχον χρείαν οὐκ ἀπέτυχον, οὐδὲ ἐξῆλθέ τις τὴν θύραν μου κόλπῳ κενῷ.» Εἶδες διάφορα φιλανθρωπίας εἴδη καὶ ποικίλους ἐλεημοσύνης λιμένας καὶ διὰ πάντων αὐτὸν βοηθοῦντα τοῖς ἀδικουμένοις; Εἶδες πενίαν ἀνέχοντα, χήραν διορθοῦντα, τοῖς ἀδικοῦσι παριστάμενον, φοβερὸν τοῖς ἐπηρεάσουσιν ὄντα; Οὐ γὰρ δὴ μέχρι τοῦ παραστῆναι καὶ συμμαχῆσαι μόνον τὴν σπουδὴν ἐπεδείκνυτο-τοῦτο δὴ τὸ τῶν πολλῶν-, ἀλλὰ καὶ μέχρι τοῦ πρὸς τέλος τὸ πρᾶγμα ἀγαγεῖν καὶ μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς σφοδρότητος· «Συνέτριψα γὰρ μύλας τῶν ἀδίκων», φησί, τῇ φιλονεικίᾳ τῇ ἐκείνων τὴν ἑαυτοῦ πρόνοιαν ἐπιτειχίζων. Οὐκ ἀνθρώπων δὲ μόνον ἐπηρείαις ἀλλὰ καὶ φύσεως ἐπιβουλαῖς ἀντέστησεν αὐτοῦ τὴν κηδεμονίαν, τὰ ἁμαρτήματα αὐτῆς τῇ τῆς οἰκείας συμμαχίας ὑπερβολῇ διορθούμενος. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ τὰ μέλη αὐτοῖς ἀποδοῦναι οὐκ εἶχε, τοῖς πηροῖς τὰ ὄμματα, τοῖς χωλοῖς τοὺς πόδας, ἀντὶ τῶν μελῶν αὐτοῖς ἐγίνετο καὶ δι' αὐτοῦ καὶ οἱ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς πεπηρωμένοι καὶ οἱ τὰ σκέλη ἐκκεκομμένοι, οἱ μὲν ἔβλεπον, οἱ δὲ ἐβάδιζον. Τί ταύτης ἴσον γένοιτ' ἂν αὐτοῦ τῆς φιλανθρωπίας; Οἶσθα αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰς ἄλλας ἀρετάς, ἵνα μὴ πάντα καταλέγων μακρὸν ποιήσω τὸν λόγον, τὴν ἐπιείκειαν, τὴν πρᾳότητα, τὴν σωφροσύνην, τὴν ἀκρίβειαν, πῶς σφοδρὸς ὢν τοῖς ἀδικοῦσι-τὸ γὰρ δὴ θαυμαστὸν τοῦτό ἐστι-προσηνὴς καὶ ἥμερος ἦν καὶ αὐτοῦ τοῦ μέλιτος ἡδίων τοῖς τε ἄλλοις ἅπασι καὶ τοῖς οἰκέταις τοῖς αὐτοῦ, οἳ τοῦ ἔρωτος ὃν ἤρων ἐκείνου μέγα ἐκφέροντες δεῖγμα ἔλεγον· «Τίς ἂν δῴη ἡμῖν τῶν σαρκῶν αὐτοῦ ἐμπλησθῆναι;» Εἰ δὲ οἰκέταις οὕτω ποθεινὸς ἦν, οὕτως ἐπέραστος οἷς ἀνάγκη πολλάκις καὶ φοβερὸν εἶναι, πολλῷ μᾶλλον τοῖς ἄλλοις ἅπασιν ἀνθρώποις. 10.7 Ταῦτα δὴ οὖν καὶ τὰ τούτων πλείονα παρ' ἑαυτῇ συλλέξασα, δεῦρο βάδιζε μετ' ἐμοῦ ἐπὶ τὸν τῶν παθημάτων αὐτοῦ κατάλογον καὶ ἴδωμεν συγκρίναντες πότε λαμπρότερος ἦν, ὅτε ἐκεῖνα κατώρθου ἢ ὅτε ἔπασχε τὰ ὀδυνηρὰ καὶ πολλὴν ἐντιθέντα αὐτῷ τὴν ἀθυμίαν; Πότε οὖν λαμπρότερος ἦν ὁ Ἰώβ; ὅτε τὴν οἰκίαν αὐτοῦ πᾶσι τοῖς παριοῦσιν ἀνέῳξεν ἢ ὅτε κατενεχθείσης αὐτῆς οὐδὲν ἐφθέγξατο ῥῆμα πικρόν, ἀλλ' εὐφήμησε τὸν Θεόν; Καίτοι τὸ μὲν κατόρθωμα ἦν, τὸ δὲ πάθημα. Πότε φαιδρότερος ἦν, εἰπέ μοι, ὅτε ἔθυεν ὑπὲρ τῶν παίδων καὶ πρὸς ὁμόνοιαν αὐτοὺς συνῆγεν ἢ ὅτε καταχωσθέντων καὶ τῷ πικροτάτῳ τρόπῳ τῆς τελευτῆς καταλυσάντων τὸν βίον, μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς φιλοσοφίας ἤνεγκε τὸ συμβάν; Πότε μᾶλλον ἐξέλαμψεν, ὅτε ἀπὸ τῆς κουρᾶς τῶν ἀρνῶν αὐτοῦ ἐθερμάνθησαν τῶν γυμνῶν οἱ ὦμοι ἢ ὅτε ἀκούσας ὅτι πῦρ ἐξ οὐρανοῦ ἔπεσε καὶ κατέφαγε τὴν ἀγέλην μετὰ τῶν ποιμένων, οὐ διεταράχθη, οὐδὲ ἐθορυβήθη, ἀλλὰ πρᾴως ἤνεγκε τὴν συμφοράν; Πότε μείζων ἦν, ὅτε τῇ ὑγιείᾳ τοῦ σώματος εἰς τὴν τῶν ἀδικουμένων προστασίαν ἐκέχρητο συντρίβων μύλας ἀδίκων καὶ ἐκ μέσου ὀδόντων αὐτῶν ἐξαρπάζων ἁπράγματα καὶ λιμὴν αὐτοῖς γινόμενος ἢ ὅτε τὸ σῶμα αὐτοῦ, τὸ τῶν ἀδικουμένων ὅπλον, ἑώρα κατεσθιόμενον ὑπὸ σκωλήκων καὶ καθήμενος ἐπὶ τῆς κοπρίας καὶ αὐτὸς αὐτὸ κατέξαινε λαβὼν ὄστρακον; «Τήκω γὰρ βώλακας γῆς ἀπὸ ἰχῶρος ξέων», φησί. Καίτοι ἐκεῖνα μὲν πάντα κατορθώματα, ταῦτα δὲ πάντα παθήματα ἦν· ἀλλ' ὅμως ταῦτα αὐτὸν ἐκείνων λαμπρότερον ἀπέφηνε. Τοῦτο γὰρ μάλιστα τὸ πικρότατον τῆς παρατάξεως μέρος ἦν καὶ μείζονος δεόμενον τῆς ἀνδρείας καὶ εὐτονωτέρας ψυχῆς καὶ φιλοσοφωτέρας διανοίας καὶ πλείονα περὶ τὸν Θεὸν ἐχούσης ἀγάπην. ∆ιά τοι τοῦτο, ἐκείνων μὲν γινομένων, εἰ καὶ ἀναισχύντως καὶ σφόδρα ἰταμῶς, ἀλλ' ὅμως ἀντεῖπεν ὁ διάβολος· «Μὴ δωρεὰν σέβεται Ἰὼβ τὸν Θεόν;» Τούτων δὲ συμβάντων, ἐγκαλυψάμενος ἀνεχώρησε νῶτα δοὺς καὶ οὐδὲ ἀναισχύντου τινὸς ἀντιλογίας σκιὰν γοῦν ἔχων προβαλέσθαι. Τοῦτο γὰρ ὁ κολοφὼν τοῦ στεφάνου, τοῦτο ἡ κορωνὶς τῆς ἀρετῆς, τοῦτο ἡ σαφὴς τῆς ἀνδρείας ἀπόδειξις, τοῦτο ἡ ἀκριβεστάτη τῆς φιλοσοφίας ἐπίτασις. ∆ηλῶν δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς οὗτος ὁ μακάριος Ἰὼβ ὅσον χαλεπώτερον τυραννὶς ἀθυμίας θανάτου ἀνάπαυσιν αὐτὸν ἐκάλει· «Θάνατος γάρ, φησίν, ἀνδρὶ ἀνάπαυσις», καὶ ἐν χάριτος αὐτὸν αἰτεῖται μέρει ὥστε ἐκείνης ἀπαλλαγῆναι λέγων· «Εἰ δῴη καὶ ἔλθῃ μου ἡ αἴτησις καὶ τὴν ἐλπίδα μου δῴη ὁ Θεός. Ἀρξάμενος ὁ Κύριος τρωσάτω με καὶ εἰς τέλος με ἀνελέτω. Εἴη δὲ ἡ πόλις μου τάφος ἐφ' ἧς ἐπὶ τειχῶν ἡλλόμην ἐπ' αὐτῆς.» Οὕτω πάντων βαρύτερον ἀθυμία· ὅσῳ δὲ βαρύτερον, τοσούτῳ καὶ μείζους ἔχει τὰς ἀντιδόσεις. 10.8 Ἵνα δὲ καὶ ἑτέρωθεν μάθῃς, ὅσον τῶν παθημάτων τὸ κέρδος, κἂν μὴ διὰ Θεόν τις πάθῃ-καὶ μηδεὶς ὑπερβολὴν τοῦτο νομιζέτω-, πάθῃ δὲ ὅμως καὶ γενναίως ἐνέγκῃ καὶ πρᾴως τὸν Θεὸν ἐπὶ πᾶσι δοξάζων, αὐτὸς οὗτος οὐκ ᾔδει ὅτι διὰ τὸν Θεὸν ταῦτα ἔπασχεν· καὶ ὅμως διὰ τοῦτο ἐστεφανοῦτο, ὅτι οὐδὲ τὴν αἰτίαν ἐπιστάμενος ἐκαρτέρει γενναίως. Καὶ ὁ Λάζαρος ἐκεῖνος ἀσθενείᾳ φύσεως περιπεσών -τοῦτο δὲ οὐκ ἦν δήπου διὰ τὸν Θεὸν παθεῖν-, ἐπειδὴ ὅλως ἔπαθε καὶ ἐκαρτέρησε καὶ γενναίως ἤνεγκε τὴν ἐρημίαν τῶν θεραπευόντων, τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν ἑλκῶν ἀθυμίαν, τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ λιμοῦ, τὴν ἀπὸ τῆς ὑπεροψίας τοῦ πλουσίου καὶ τῆς ὠμότητος, οἶσθα ἡλίκων ἀπέλαυσε στεφάνων. Καίτοι γε αὐτοῦ κατόρθωμα οὐδὲν εὕρομεν εἰπεῖν· οὐχ ὅτι πένητας ἐλέησεν, οὐχ ὅτι ἀδικουμένοις παρέστη, οὐχ ὅτι ἀγαθόν τι τοιοῦτον εἰργάσατο, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἐν τῷ πυλῶνι τοῦ πλουσίου κατάκλισιν καὶ τὴν ἀρρωστίαν καὶ τῶν κυνῶν τὰς γλώσσας καὶ τὴν τοῦ πλουσίου κατ' αὐτοῦ γενομένην ὑπεροψίαν ἅπερ τοῦ πάσχειν κακῶς ἅπαντα ἦν. Ἀλλ' ὅμως καίτοι μηδὲν γενναῖον ποιήσας, ἐπειδὴ μόνον τὴν ἐκ τούτου ἀθυμίαν ἤνεγκε γενναίως, τῷ τοσαῦτα κατωρθωκότι πατριάρχῃ τῆς αὐτῆς ἔτυχε λήξεως. Εἴπω τι μετὰ τοῦτο καὶ ἕτερον παράδοξον μὲν εἶναι δοκοῦν, ἀληθὲς δέ· κἂν ἀγαθόν τις ἐργάσηται μέγα καὶ γενναῖον, μὴ μετὰ πόνου δὲ καὶ κινδύνου καὶ παθημάτων, οὐ πολύν τινα λήψεται μισθόν· «Ἕκαστος γὰρ τὸν ἴδιον μισθὸν λήψεται κατὰ τὸν ἴδιον κόπον», οὐ κατὰ τὸ μέγεθος τοῦ κατορθώματος, ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὸν ὄγκον τοῦ παθήματος. ∆ιά τοι τοῦτο καὶ Παῦλος καυχώμενος οὐκ ἐπὶ τῷ κατορθῶσαι μόνον καὶ γενναῖόν τι ποιῆσαι καυχᾶται, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπὶ τῷ παθεῖν κακῶς. Εἰπὼν γάρ· «∆ιάκονοι Χριστοῦ εἰσι; παραφρονῶν λαλῶ, ὑπὲρ ἐγώ» καὶ τὴν κατὰ σύγκρισιν ὑπεροχὴν ὑφαίνων, οὐκ εἶπε. «Τόσοις καὶ τόσοις ἐκήρυξα», ἀλλ' ἀφεὶς ἅπερ κατώρθωσεν, ἅπερ ἔπαθε κακῶς, ταῦτα ἐξαριθμεῖται οὕτω λέγων· «Ἐν κόποις περισσοτέρως, ἐν πληγαῖς ὑπερβαλλόντως, ἐν φυλακαῖς περισσοτέρως, ἐν θανάτοις πολλάκις. Πεντάκις τεσσαράκοντα παρὰ μίαν ὑπὸ Ἰουδαίων ἔλαβον, τρὶς ἐρραβδίσθην, ἅπαξ ἐλιθάσθην, τρὶς ἐναυάγησα, νυχθήμερον ἐν τῷ βυθῷ πεποίηκα· ὁδοιπορίαις πολλάκις, κινδύνοις ποταμῶν, κινδύνοις λῃστῶν, κινδύνοις ἐκ γένους, κινδύνοις ἐξ ἐθνῶν, κινδύνοις ἐν πόλει, κινδύνοις ἐν ἐρημίᾳ, κινδύνοις ἐν θαλάσσῃ, κινδύνοις ἐν ψευδαδέλφοις· ἐν κόπῳ, ἐν μόχθῳ, ἐν ἀγρυπνίαις πολλάκις, ἐν λιμῷ καὶ δίψει καὶ γυμνότητι· χωρὶς τῶν παρεκτός, ἡ ἐπισύστασίς μου ἡ καθ' ἡμέραν.» 10.9 Εἶδες παθημάτων ὁρμαθὸν καὶ καυχήσεως ἀφορμάς; Εἶτα ἐπάγει τούτοις καὶ τὰ κατορθώματα καὶ ἐν τούτοις πάλιν τὸ πλέον τοῦ παθήματος ἔστιν ἰδεῖν, οὐχὶ τοῦ κατορθώματος. Εἰπὼν γάρ· «Ἡ ἐπισύστασίς μου ἡ καθ' ἡμέραν», τὰς ἀπαγωγὰς λέγων τὰς συνεχεῖς, τοὺς θορύβους, τὰς περιστάσεις -τοῦτο γάρ ἐστιν ἡ ἐπισύστασίς μου-, ἐπήγαγεν «Ἡ μέριμνα πασῶν τῶν Ἐκκλησιῶν.» Οὐκ εἶπεν· ἡ διόρθωσις, ἀλλ' «ἡ μέριμνα», ὅπερ παθήματος πλέον ἦν ἢ κατορθώματος. Καὶ τὰ ἑξῆς ὁμοίως· «Τίς ἀσθενεῖ, φησί, καὶ οὐκ ἀσθενῶ;» Οὐκ εἶπε· διορθοῦμαι, ἀλλ' «ἀσθενῶ». Καὶ πάλιν· «Τίς σκανδαλίζεται καὶ οὐκ ἐγὼ πυροῦμαι;» Οὐκ εἶπεν· ἀπήλλαξα τοῦ σκανδάλου, ἀλλ' «ἐκοινώνησα τῆς ἀθυμίας». Εἶτα δεικνὺς ὅτι ταῦτα μάλιστα τὰς ἀμοιβὰς ἔχει, ἐπήγαγεν· «Εἰ καυχᾶσθαι δεῖ, τὰ τῆς ἀσθενείας μου καυχήσομαι.» Καὶ ἕτερον πάλιν τοιοῦτον ἐπάγει, τὴν φυγὴν τὴν διὰ τῆς θυρίδος, τὴν διὰ τῆς σαργάνης, τὴν διὰ τοῦ τείχους· τοῦτο δὲ τοῦ παθεῖν κακῶς ἦν. Εἰ τοίνυν τὰ παθήματα μεγάλας ἔχει τὰς ἀμοιβάς, τῶν δὲ παθημάτων πάντων χαλεπώτερον καὶ ὀδυνηρότερον ἡ ἀθυμία, ἐννόησον ὅσαι κείσονται αἱ ἀντιδόσεις. Οὐ γὰρ παύσομαι συνεχῶς ταύτην σοι ἐπᾴδων τὴν ᾠδήν, ἵνα ὅπερ ὑπεσχόμην ἐν προοιμίοις τοῦτο πληρώσω νῦν, ἀπὸ τῆς ἀθυμίας αὐτῆς ὑφαίνων τοὺς λογισμοὺς τοὺς τὴν παραμυθίαν τῆς ἀθυμίας σοι τίκτοντας. Ἵνα δὲ καὶ ἑτέρωθεν μάθῃς ὅσον ἐστὶ τὸ μετὰ παθημάτων τι ποιεῖν γενναῖον καὶ ὅσον ἀποδεῖ τούτου τὸ ἀπονητὶ τὸ αὐτὸ ποιεῖν, ὁ Ναβουχοδονόσορ ἐκεῖνος ὁ Βαβυλώνιος ἐν σκήπτροις καὶ διαδήμασι ζῶν εὐαγγελικόν ποτε κατώρθωσε ἔργον. Μετὰ γὰρ τὴν κάμινον καὶ παραδοξοποιΐαν ἐκείνην τὸ κήρυγμα ἀνεδέξατο τῆς οἰκουμένης, οὐ διὰ γλώσσης μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ διὰ τῶν γραμμάτων καὶ πανταχοῦ τῆς γῆς ἔγραψεν οὕτως· «Ναβουχοδονόσορ βασιλεὺς πᾶσι τοῖς λαοῖς, φυλαῖς, καὶ γλώσσαις, τοῖς οἰκοῦσιν ἐν πάσῃ τῇ γῇ, εἰρήνη ὑμῖν πληθυνθείη. Τὰ σημεῖα καὶ τὰ τέρατα ἃ ἐποίησε μετ' ἐμοῦ ὁ Θεὸς ὁ ὕψιστος ἤρεσεν ἐναντίον ἐμοῦ ἀναγγεῖλαι ὑμῖν ὡς μεγάλα καὶ ἰσχυρά· ἡ βασιλεία αὐτοῦ βασιλεία αἰώνιος καὶ ἡ ἐξουσία αὐτοῦ εἰς γενεὰς καὶ γενεάς.» Καὶ δόγμα ἔθηκεν ὅπως πᾶς λαός, φυλή, γλῶσσα, ἣ ἐὰν εἴπῃ ῥῆμα κατὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ Σιδράχ, Μισὰχ καὶ Ἀβδεναγώ, εἰς ἀπώλειαν ἔσονται καὶ οἱ οἶκοι αὐτῶν εἰς διαρπαγήν. Καὶ προστίθησι· «Καθότι οὐκ ἔστι θεὸς ἕτερος ὃς δυνήσεται ῥύσασθαι οὕτως.» Εἶδες ἀπειλὴν ἐν τοῖς γράμμασιν; εἶδες φόβον; εἶδες διδασκαλίαν; εἶδες κήρυγμα ὑψηλὸν καὶ πανταχοῦ τῆς οἰκουμένης ἐκτεταμένα γράμματα; Τί οὖν, εἰπέ μοι, τὸν αὐτὸν τοῖς ἀποστόλοις μισθὸν λήψεται, ἐπειδὴ οὕτως ἀνεκήρυξε τοῦ Θεοῦ τὴν δύναμιν, ἐπειδὴ τοσαύτην σπουδὴν ἐποιήσατο πανταχοῦ καταγγεῖλαι τὸν λόγον; Οὐδὲ τὸ πολλοστὸν μὲν οὖν μέρος, ἀλλὰ μεθ' ὑπερβολῆς ἁπάσης καταδεέστερον. Καίτοι γε τὸ αὐτὸ ἔργον ἐκείνοις ἐποίησεν. Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ πόνος οὐκ ἔστιν ἐνταῦθα συνεζευγμένος οὐδὲ παθήματα, διὰ τοῦτο ὑποτέμνεται τὰ τῆς ἀντιδόσεως. Οὗτος μὲν γὰρ μετ' ἐξουσίας καὶ ἀδείας τοῦτο ἔπραττεν· ἐκεῖνοι δὲ κωλυόμενοι, ἐλαυνόμενοι, κοπτόμενοι, μαστιζόμενοι, ταλαιπωρούμενοι, κατακρημνιζόμενοι, καταποντιζόμενοι, λιμῷ τηκόμενοι, καθ' ἑκάστην ἀποθνήσκοντες τὴν ἡμέραν, τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτῶν βασανιζόμενοι, καθ' ἕκαστον τῶν ἀσθενούντων ἀσθενοῦντες, καθ' ἕκαστον τῶν σκανδαλιζομένων πυρούμενοι· καὶ τῶν πόνων τούτων καὶ τῆς ἀθυμίας μάλιστα ἦσαν πλείους αἱ ἀμοιβαί. «Ἕκαστος γὰρ τὸν ἴδιον μισθὸν λήψεται, φησί, κατὰ τὸν ἴδιον κόπον.» Οὐ γὰρ παύσομαι αὐτὸ συνεχῶς ἐπιλέγων. ∆ιὰ δὴ τοῦτο ὁ φιλάνθρωπος Θεός, τοῦ Παύλου πολλάκις παρακαλέσαντος τῶν παθημάτων αὐτὸν καὶ τῆς ἀθυμίας καὶ τῆς ὀδύνης καὶ τῶν κινδύνων ἀπαλλάξαι, οὐκ ἐπένευσεν. «Ὑπὲρ γὰρ τούτου τρὶς τὸν Κύριον παρεκάλεσα», φησί, καὶ οὐκ ἐπέτυχον τῆς αἰτήσεως. Τίνος γὰρ ἔμελλε, εἰπέ μοι, λήψεσθαι τὰς μεγίστας ἀμοιβάς, εἴ γε ἀπραγμόνως ἐκήρυξε τρυφῶν καὶ ἐν εὐθυμίᾳ διάγων; Ὅτι στόμα διῇρε καὶ γλῶσσαν ἐκίνησεν οἴκοι καθήμενος; Ἀλλὰ τοῦτο καὶ τῷ τυχόντι ῥᾴδιον καὶ τῷ σφόδρα ἀναπεπτωκότι καὶ τὸν ὑγρὸν καὶ διαλελυμένον ζῶντι βίον. Νῦν μέντοι τῶν τραυμάτων, τῶν θανάτων, τῶν δρόμων τῶν κατὰ γῆν καὶ θάλασσαν, τῆς ἀθυμίας αὐτῆς, τῶν δακρύων, τῶν ὀδυνῶν· «Τριετίαν γάρ, φησίν, οὐκ ἐπαυσάμην νύκτα καὶ ἡμέραν μετὰ δακρύων νουθετῶν ἕνα ἕκαστον ὑμῶν», μετὰ πολλῆς παρρησίας λήψεται τὰς ἀντιδόσεις καὶ τοὺς στεφάνους. 10.10 Ταῦτα οὖν ἐννοοῦσα καὶ λογιζομένη ὅσον ὀδυνηροῦ καὶ ἐπιμόχθου βίου τὸ κέρδος, χαῖρε καὶ εὐφραίνου τὴν ἐπικερδῆ καὶ μυρίων γέμουσαν στεφάνων ἐκ πρώτης ἡλικίας ὁδεύσασα ὁδὸν καὶ διὰ συνεχῶν καὶ πυκνῶν παθημάτων. Καὶ γὰρ ἡ τοῦ σώματος ἀρρωστία, καὶ ποικίλη καὶ παντοδαπὴ καὶ μυρίων θανάτων χαλεπωτέρα, οὐκ ἐπαύσατό σε συνεχῶς πολιορκοῦσα· καὶ λοιδοριῶν δὲ καὶ ὕβρεων νιφάδες καὶ συκοφαντίαι οὐδέποτε διέλιπον κατὰ σοῦ φερόμεναι· ἀθυμίαι δέ σοι πυκναὶ καὶ συνεχεῖς καὶ πηγαὶ δακρύων διὰ παντὸς ἠνώχλησαν τοῦ χρόνου. Τούτων δὲ ἕκαστον καὶ καθ' ἑαυτὸ ἤρκεσε τοῖς ὑπομεμενηκόσιν εἰς ὠφέλειαν πολλήν. Ὅ τε γὰρ Λάζαρος ἀπὸ τῆς ἀρρωστίας μόνης καὶ τῆς αὐτῆς ἐκοινώνησε τῷ πατριάρχῃ λήξεως καὶ τῷ τελώνῃ δὲ ἡ λοιδορία τοῦ φαρισαίου δικαιοσύνην ὑπερβαίνουσαν τὸν φαρισαῖον ἐκόμισεν· ὅ τε κορυφαῖος τῶν ἀποστόλων ἀπὸ δακρύων τὸ ἕλκος τῆς χαλεπῆς ἐκείνης ἁμαρτίας διώρθωσεν, Ὅταν οὖν τῶν προειρημένων ἕκαστον φαίνηται καὶ μόνον ἓν τῶν παθημάτων τούτων ἀρκέσαν, ἐννόησον πόσας αὐτὴ λήψῃ τὰς ἀμοιβάς, πάντα ὁμοῦ μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς ὑπερβολῆς ὑπομείνασα καὶ διὰ παντὸς τοῦ χρόνου. Οὐδὲν γάρ, οὐδὲν οὕτω λαμπροὺς ποιεῖ καὶ ζηλωτοὺς καὶ μυρίων ἐμπίμπλησιν ἀγαθῶν ὡς τὸ πειρασμῶν πλῆθος καὶ κίνδυνοι καὶ πόνοι καὶ ἀθυμίαι καὶ τὸ διηνεκῶς ἐπιβουλεύεσθαι καὶ παρ' ὧν οὐδαμῶς ἐχρῆν καὶ πρᾴως ἅπαντα φέρειν. Ἐπεὶ καὶ τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ Ἰακὼβ οὐδὲν οὕτως ἐποίησε μακάριον καὶ εὐδόκιμον ὡς ἡ συκοφαντία τότε ἐκείνη καὶ τὸ δεσμωτήριον καὶ ἡ ἅλυσις καὶ ἡ ἐντεῦθεν ταλαιπωρία. Μέγα μὲν γὰρ αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸ τῆς σωφροσύνης κατόρθωμα, ὅτε τῆς αἰγυπτιακῆς ἀκολασίας περιεγένετο καὶ τὴν ἀθλίαν ἐκείνην ἐπὶ τὴν ἄδικον αὐτὸν καλοῦσαν ὁμιλίαν διεκρούσατο, ἀλλ' οὐχ οὕτω μέγα τοῦτο ὡς τὰ παθήματα. Ποῖον γὰρ ἐγκώμιον, εἰπέ μοι, τὸ μὴ μοιχεῦσαι, μηδὲ ἀλλότριον διορῦξαι γάμον, μηδὲ μιᾶναι εὐνὴν οὐδαμόθεν αὐτῷ προσήκουσαν, μηδὲ ἀδικῆσαι τὸν εὐεργετήσαντα, μηδὲ αἰσχύνῃ περιβαλεῖν τοῦ προστάτου τὴν οἰκίαν; Ἀλλὰ τὸ ποιῆσαν αὐτὸν μέγαν ἐκεῖνο μάλιστά ἐστιν, ὁ κίνδυνος, ἡ ἐπιβουλή, ἡ μανία τῆς αἰχμαλώτου, ἡ ἐπενεχθεῖσα βία, τὸ ἄφυκτον δεσμωτήριον τοῦ θαλάμου ὅπερ αὐτῷ κατεσκεύασεν ἡ μοιχαλίς, τὰ δίκτυα ἃ πανταχόθεν ἀνεπέτασεν, ἡ κατηγορία, ἡ συκοφαντία, τὸ δεσμωτήριον, ἡ ἅλυσις, τὸ μηδενὸς τυχόντα τῶν δικαίων μετὰ τὸν τοσοῦτον ἆθλον ὑπὲρ οὗ στεφανοῦσθαι ἐχρῆν, ὡς κατάδικον καὶ ὑπεύθυνον ἐπὶ τὸ ὀχύρωμα ἄγεσθαι, καὶ μετὰ τῶν τὰ ἔσχατα ἡμαρτηκότων κατακλείεσθαι, ὁ αὐχμός, τὸ σιδήριον, ἡ τοῦ δεσμωτηρίου ταλαιπωρία. Τότε αὐτὸν ὁρῶ λάμποντα μειζόνως ἢ ὅτε ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου τῆς Αἰγύπτου καθήμενος τὸν σῖτον διένεμε τοῖς δεομένοις καὶ τὸν λιμὸν ἔλυε καὶ κοινὸς λιμὴν ἅπασιν ἐγίνετο. Τότε ὁρῶ αὐτὸν φαιδρόν, ὅτε αὐτῷ αἱ πέδαι καὶ χειροπέδαι περιέκειντο ἢ ὅτε ἐν ἱματίοις λαμπροῖς τὴν τοσαύτην δυναστείαν περιεβέβλητο. Ὁ μὲν γὰρ πραγματείας ἦν καιρὸς καὶ ἐμπορίας πολλῆς-ὁ τοῦ δεσμωτηρίου λέγω-, ὁ δὲ τρυφῆς καὶ ἀνέσεως καὶ τιμῆς πολλὴν μὲν ἔχων τὴν ἡδονήν, οὐ πολὺ δὲ τὸ κέρδος. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο οὐδὲ οὕτως αὐτὸν μακαρίζω τιμώμενον ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς ὡς φθονούμενον ὑπὸ τῶν ἀδελφῶν καὶ συνοίκους ἔχοντα τοὺς πολεμίους. Καὶ γὰρ ἐκ πρώτης ἡλικίας οἴκοθεν χαλεπὸς αὐτῷ ἀνερριπίζετο πόλεμος, τῶν πολεμούντων ἐγκαλεῖν μὲν ἐχόντων οὐδέν, τηκομένων δὲ καὶ διαρρηγνυμένων διὰ τὸ πλείονος ἀπολαύειν αὐτὸν παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς διαθέσεως. Καίτοι γε τὸ φίλτρον ὁ νομοθέτης Μωϋσῆς οὐκ ἔφησεν ἐξ ἀρετῆς τοῦ παιδὸς ἔχειν τὴν ἀρχήν, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τοῦ καιροῦ τῶν ὠδίνων. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ὕστερος τῶν ἄλλων ἐτέχθη καὶ ἐν ἐσχάτῳ γήρᾳ-ποθεινὰ δὲ τὰ τοιαῦτα παιδία ἅτε παρ' ἐλπίδας γεννώμενα-, διὰ τοῦτο ἐφιλεῖτο. «Ἠγάπα γὰρ αὐτὸν ὁ πατήρ, φησίν, ὅτι υἱὸς γήρως ἦν αὐτῷ.» 10.11 Ταῦτα δὲ ὁ νομοθέτης ἔγραψεν, ὡς ἔγωγε οἶμαι, οὐ τὸ ὂν διηγούμενος, ἀλλὰ τοῦ πατρὸς τὴν σκῆψιν καὶ τὴν πρόφασιν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἑώρα φθονούμενον τὸ μειράκιον παραμυθήσασθαι τὸ πάθος τῶν ἀδελφῶν βουλόμενος, ἔπλασεν ἀγάπης αἰτίαν οὐ πολὺν τίκτουσαν αὐτῷ τὸν φθόνον. Ὅτι γὰρ οὐ τοῦτο αἴτιον ἦν τοῦ φίλτρου, ἀλλὰ ἡ ἀκμάζουσα τῆς ψυχῆς ἀρετὴ καὶ τῆς ἡλικίας ἀκμαιοτέρα οὖσα, δῆλον ἐκ τοῦ Βενιαμίν. Εἰ γὰρ διὰ τοῦτο ἐκεῖνος ἐφιλεῖτο, πολλῷ μᾶλλον τὸν νεώτερον αὐτοῦ φιλεῖσθαι ἐχρῆν. Μετὰ γὰρ τὸν Ἰωσὴφ ἐκεῖνος ἐτέχθη καὶ οὗτος μᾶλλον υἱὸς γήρως ἦν αὐτοῦ. Ἀλλ' ὅπερ ἔφην, τοῦ πατρὸς ἦν τὸ πλάσμα βουλομένου καταλῦσαι τὸν ἀδελφικὸν πόλεμον· ἀλλ' οὐδὲ οὕτως ἴσχυσεν, ἀλλ' ἐξεκαίετο σφοδροτέρα ἡ φλόξ. Καὶ ἐπειδὴ οὐδὲν ἴσχυον ποιῆσαι τέως, κατήνεγκαν αὐτῷ ψόγον πονηρόν, αἰσχρᾷ περιέβαλον αἰτίᾳ, τὴν βάρβαρον γυναῖκα προφθάσαντες οἱ ἀδελφοὶ καὶ πολλῷ χείρους φανέντες αὐτῆς. Ἡ μὲν γὰρ εἰς ἀλλότριον, οἱ δὲ εἰς ἀδελφὸν ἐγίνοντο πονηροί. Καὶ οὐδὲ ἐνταῦθα ἔστησαν τῆς κακίας, ἀλλ' ἐπηγωνίζοντο τοῖς προτέροις ἀεί, καὶ λαβόντες μόνον ἐν ἐρημίᾳ καὶ ἔσφαξαν καὶ ἀπέδοντο καὶ δοῦλον ἀντ' ἐλευθέρου ἐποίησαν καὶ δουλείαν τὴν ἐσχάτην. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ὁμοφύλοις τισίν, ἀλλὰ βαρβάροις ἑτερογλώσσοις καὶ αὐτοῖς εἰς βάρβαρον ἀπιοῦσι χώραν ἐξέδωκαν τὸν ἀδελφόν· ὁ δὲ Θεὸς λαμπρότερον αὐτὸν ποιῶν ἠνείχετο τῶν γινομένων καὶ ἐμακροθύμει, κινδύνων κινδύνους διαδεχομένων. Μετὰ γὰρ τὸν φθόνον καὶ τὴν αἰσχρὰν διαβολὴν σφαγῇ παρέδωκαν καὶ δουλείᾳ σφαγῆς χαλεπωτέρᾳ. Μὴ γάρ μοι παραδράμῃς ἁπλῶς τὸ εἰρημένον, ἀλλ' ἐννόησον ἡλίκον ἦν μειράκιον εὐγενὲς ἐν οἰκίᾳ πατρικῇ τραφὲν μετὰ ἐλευθερίας ἁπάσης, μετὰ ἀγάπης πατρὸς τοσαύτης, ἀθρόον ὑπὸ ἀδελφῶν ἀπεμποληθῆναι οὐδὲν ἐχόντων ἐγκαλεῖν καὶ βαρβάροις ἐκδοθῆναι ἑτερογλώσσοις καὶ ἤθεσιν ἀλλοκότοις καὶ αὐτοθηρίοις μᾶλλον ἢ ἀνθρώποις καὶ ἄπολιν καὶ μετανάστην καὶ οἰκέτην καὶ ξένον ἀντ' ἐλευθέρου καὶ πολίτου γενέσθαι, καὶ τοσαύτης ἀπολαύσαντα τῆς εὐημερίας, πρὸς τὴν ἐσχάτην κατενεχθῆναι ταλαιπωρίαν δουλείας ἀήθη ὄντα μεθ' ὑπερβολῆς ἁπάσης καὶ πικροτάτους λαβεῖν δεσπότας καὶ πρὸς ἀλλοτρίαν καὶ βάρβαρον ἀπενεχθῆναι γῆν. Ἀλλ' οὐδὲ ἐνταῦθα ἵστατο τὰ δεινά, ἀλλ' ἐπιβουλαὶ πάλιν ἐπιβουλὰς διεδέχοντο μετὰ τὰ ὀνείρατα ἐκεῖνα τὰ θαυμαστὰ καὶ τὴν τῶν ἀδελφῶν αὐτοῦ προσκύνησιν προαναφωνοῦντα. Λαβόντες γὰρ αὐτὸν οὗτοι οἱ ἔμποροι οὐ κατέσχον, ἀλλ' ἑτέροις αὐτὸν πάλιν χείροσιν ἀπέδοντο βαρβάροις. Οἶσθα δὲ ἡλίκον τοῦτο εἰς συμφορᾶς λόγον, τὸ δεσπότας τοιούτους ἐκ τοιούτων ἀμείβειν. Τοῦτο γὰρ δυσκολωτέραν ποιεῖ τὴν δουλείαν, ὅταν καὶ ξένοι πάλιν οἱ κτώμενοι καὶ τῶν προτέρων ὦσι χαλεπώτεροι. Καὶ γίνεται ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ τῇ θεομάχῳ τότε καὶ μαινομένῃ, ὅθεν τὰ ἀναίσχυντα στόματα, ὅθεν αἱ βλάσφημοι γλῶσσαι. Καὶ γίνεται παρ' Αἰγυπτίοις ὧν καὶ εἷς ἤρκεσε μόνος τὸν μέγαν Μωϋσέα δραπέτην καὶ φυγάδα ποιῆσαι. Καὶ ἐπειδὴ μικρὸν ἀνέπνευσεν ἐκεῖ, τοῦ φιλανθρώπου Θεοῦ καὶ τὰ παράδοξα οἰκονομοῦντος, τὸν ἄγριον θῆρα τὸν ὠνησάμενον αὐτὸν ποιήσαντος πρόβατον, εὐθέως αὐτῷ σκάμματα παρεσκευάζετο πάλιν καὶ στάδιον καὶ παλαίσματα καὶ ἀγῶνες καὶ ἱδρῶτες σφοδρότεροι τῶν προτέρων. Ἰδοῦσα γὰρ αὐτὸν ἀδίκοις ὀφθαλμοῖς ἡ κεκτημένη καὶ τῷ κάλλει τῆς ὄψεως αὐτοῦ χειρωθεῖσα καὶ κατὰ κράτος ἁλοῦσα τῷ πάθει, λέαινα ἀντὶ γυναικὸς ὑπὸ τῆς ἀκολάστου ταύτης ἐπιθυμίας ἐγένετο. Καὶ πάλιν σύνοικος ὁ πολέμιος ἦν ἐναντίαν τοῖς προτέροις τὴν ὑπόθεσιν ἔχων· ἐκεῖνοι μὲν γὰρ μισοῦντες αὐτὸν τῆς οἰκίας ἐξέβαλον· αὕτη δὲ ἐρῶσα καὶ περικαιομένη τοῦ νεανίσκου· καὶ ἦν διπλοῦς, μᾶλλον δὲ τριπλοῦς καὶ πολλαπλοῦς ὁ πόλεμος. Μὴ γάρ, ἐπειδὴ τὰ δίκτυα ὑπερήλατο καὶ τὸν βρόχον διέτεμεν ἐν βραχείᾳ καιροῦ ῥοπῇ, νομίσῃς ἀπραγμόνως αὐτὸν ἠνυκέναι τὸν ἆθλον τοῦτον· καὶ γὰρ πολὺν τὸν ἱδρῶτα ὑπέμεινε. 10.12 Καὶ εἰ βούλει τοῦτο σαφῶς μαθεῖν, ἐννόησον οἷόν ἐστι νεότης καὶ νεότητος ἀκμή. Ἐν γὰρ αὐτῷ τῷ ἄνθει τῆς ἡλικίας τότε ἐτύγχανεν ὢν ὅτε σφοδροτέρα τῆς φύσεως ἡ φλὸξ ἐγείρεται, ὅτε πολλὴ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας ἡ ζάλη, ὅτε ἀσθενέστερος ὁ λογισμός. Τῶν γὰρ νεωτέρων αἱ ψυχαὶ οὐ σφόδρα πολλῇ φράττονται τῇ συνέσει, οὐδὲ πολλὴν τῆς ἀρετῆς ποιοῦνται σπουδήν· ἀλλ' ὁ μὲν χειμὼν τῶν παθῶν χαλεπώτερος, ὁ δὲ τὰ πάθη κυβερνῶν λογισμὸς ἀσθενέστερος. Μετὰ δὲ τῆς φύσεως καὶ τῆς ἡλικίας, πολλὴ καὶ τῆς γυναικὸς ἦν ἡ ἀκολασία. Καὶ καθάπερ τὴν Βαβυλωνίαν κάμινον αἱ Περσικαὶ χεῖρες ἐκεῖναι μετὰ πολλῆς ἀνῆπτον τῆς σπουδῆς, δαψιλῆ τῷ πυρὶ παρέχουσαι τὴν τροφὴν καὶ ποικίλα ὑπεκκαύματα ἐμβάλλουσαι τῇ φλογί, οὕτω δὴ καὶ τότε ἡ ἀθλία καὶ ταλαίπωρος ἐκείνη γυνὴ τῆς καμίνου ταύτης χαλεπωτέραν ἀνῆψε φλόγα, μύρων ὄζουσα, ἐπιτρίμμασι παρειῶν, ὑπογραφαῖς ὀφθαλμῶν, κατακεκλασμένῃ φωνῇ, κινήμασι, βαδίσμασι διαθρυπτομένοις, ἱματίοις μαλακοῖς, περιβολῇ χρυσίων, ἑτέραις τοιαύταις μυρίαις μαγγανείαις καταγοητεύουσα τὸ μειράκιον. Καὶ καθάπερ τις θηρευτὴς δεινὸς δυσάλωτον μέλλων χειροῦσθαι ζῶον ἅπαντα κινεῖ τῆς τέχνης τὰ ὄργανα, οὕτω δὴ καὶ αὕτη τὴν σωφροσύνην εἰδυῖα τοῦ νέου-οὐδὲ γὰρ ἔμελλεν ἐν τοσούτῳ χρόνῳ λανθάνειν-πολλῆς ἐνόμισεν αὐτῇ δεῖν παρασκευῆς ἐπὶ τὴν αἰχμαλωσίαν τοῦ νεανίσκου καὶ διὰ τοῦτο πάντα ἐκίνει τῆς ἀκολασίας τὰ μηχανήματα. Καὶ οὐδὲ τούτοις ἠρκεῖτο μόνοις, ἀλλὰ καὶ καιρὸν καὶ τόπον ἐπετήρει πρὸς τὴν θήραν ἐπιτήδειον. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο οὐδὲ εὐθέως ἁλοῦσα προσέβαλεν, ἀλλὰ πολὺν ἀνέμεινε χρόνον τὴν πονηρὰν ταύτην ἐπιθυμίαν ὠδίνουσα καὶ παρασκευαζομένη, δεδοικυῖα μὴ τῷ τάχει καὶ ταῖς ἐσχεδιασμέναις αὐτῆς ἐπιβουλαῖς διαφύγῃ τὸ θήραμα. Καί ποτε εὑροῦσα μόνον ἔνδον ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ τὰ συνήθη ποιοῦντα ἀνασκάπτει βαθύτερον λοιπὸν τὸ βάραθρον καὶ τὰ πτερὰ τῆς ἡδονῆς πάντοθεν ἀναπετάσασα, ὥσπερ ἐν μέσοις δικτύοις λοιπὸν ἔχουσα τὸν ἀετόν, ἐπεισέρχεται καὶ μόνη μόνον ἀπολαβοῦσα· μᾶλλον δὲ οὐ μόνη· καὶ γὰρ καὶ τὴν ἡλικίαν καὶ τὴν φύσιν καὶ τὰ αὐτῆς μηχανήματα συμπαρόντα εἶχεν αὐτῇ· ἕλκει λοιπὸν ἐπὶ τὴν ἄδικον πρᾶξιν πρὸς βίαν τὸν γενναῖον ἐκεῖνον. Τί τοῦ πειρασμοῦ τούτου χαλεπώτερον; Ποίας τοῦτο καμίνου καὶ φλογὸς οὐ σφοδρότερον, νέον σφριγῶντα, δοῦλον, ἔρημον, ἄπολιν, ξένον, μετανάστην, ὑπὸ δεσποίνης οὕτως ἀκολάστου καὶ μαινομένης, οὕτω πλουτούσης, καὶ τοσαύτην δυναστείαν περιβεβλημένης, ἐν ἐρημίᾳ τοσαύτῃ-συντελεῖ γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο πρὸς τὴν τοιαύτην ἅλωσιν-, συνειλημμένον κατέχεσθαί τε καὶ κολακεύεσθαι καὶ πρὸς εὐνὴν ἄγεσθαι δεσποτικήν, καὶ ταῦτα μετὰ τοσούτους κινδύνους καὶ ἐπιβουλάς; Οἶσθα γὰρ ὡς οἱ πολλοί, ὅταν τεταριχευμένοι τύχωσι τοῖς δεινοῖς, εἰς τρυφὴν καλούμενοι καὶ ἄνεσιν καὶ τὸν ὑγρὸν καὶ διαλελυμένον βίον, προθυμότερον ἐπιτρέχουσιν. Ἀλλ' οὐκ ἐκεῖνος, ἀλλ' ἔμενε διὰ πάντων τὴν οἰκείαν καρτερίαν ἐπιδεικνύμενος. Ἐγὼ τὸν θάλαμον ἐκεῖνον καὶ τὴν Βαβυλωνίαν κάμινον καὶ τὸν τοῦ ∆ανιὴλ λάκκον καὶ τὴν γαστέρα τοῦ θαλασσίου θηρίου εἰς ἣν ὁ Προφήτης ἐνέπεσε, θαρρῶν ἴσην ἂν προσείποιμι, μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ πολλῷ τούτων χαλεπώτερον. Ἐκεῖ μὲν γὰρ τῆς ἐπιβουλῆς ἡ νίκη σώματος ἦν ἀπώλεια, ἐνταῦθα δὲ ψυχῆς πανωλεθρία καὶ θάνατος ἀθά νατος καὶ συμφορὰ παραμυθίαν οὐκ ἔχουσα. Οὐ ταύτῃ δὲ μόνον χαλεπὸς ὁ λάκκος οὗτος ἦν, ἀλλ' ὅτι μετὰ τῆς βίας καὶ τοῦ δόλου καὶ πολλῆς ἔγεμε τῆς κολακείας, πολλοῦ τοῦ ποικίλου καὶ παντοδαποῦ πυρός, οὐ σῶμα καίοντος, ἀλλὰ αὐτὴν φλέγοντος τὴν ψυχήν. Καὶ τοῦτο αὐτὸ δηλῶν ὁ Σαλομὼν ὁ μάλιστα ταῦτα μετὰ ἀκριβείας εἰδὼς ἡλίκον ἐστὶ τὸ γυναικὶ συμβάλλειν ἄνδρα ἐχούσῃ· «Ἀποδήσει τις, φησί, πῦρ ἐν κόλπῳ, τὰ δὲ ἱμάτια οὐ κατακαύσει; Ἢ περιπατήσει τις ἐπ' ἀνθράκων πυρός, τοὺς δὲ πόδας οὐ καταφλέξει; Οὕτως ὁ πορευόμενος πρὸς γυναῖκα ὕπανδρον καὶ πᾶς ὁ ἁπτόμενος αὐτῆς οὐκ ἀθῳωθήσεται.» Ὃ δὲ λέγει τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν· ὥσπερ, φησίν, οὐκ ἔνι ὁμιλοῦντα πυρὶ μὴ κατακαίεσθαι, οὕτως οὐδὲ γυναιξὶ συνόντα διαφεύγειν τὸν ἐντεῦθεν ἐμπρησμόν. Οὗτος δὲ ὃ πολλῷ χαλεπώτερον ἦν ὑπέμεινεν. Οὐ γὰρ αὐτὸς αὐτῆς ἥψατο, ἀλλ' ὑπ' ἐκείνης κατείχετο μόνος ὑπὸ μόνης ἀπειλημμένος, τοσούτοις ἤδη κακοῖς κατειργασμένος καὶ τοσαύταις τεταριχευμένος ἐπιβουλαῖς καὶ ἀνέσεως ἐπιθυμῶν καὶ ἀδείας, ἀλλ' ὅμως ἐν τοσούτοις δικτύοις ὢν καὶ ποικίλον θηρίον ὁρῶν αὐτῷ προσβάλλον καὶ διὰ πάντων αὐτὸν κατατοξεῦον, διὰ τῆς ἁφῆς, διὰ τῆς φωνῆς, διὰ τῶν ὀμμάτων, διὰ τῶν ἐπιτριμμάτων, διὰ τῆς ὑπογραφῆς, διὰ τῶν χρυσίων, διὰ τῶν μύρων, διὰ τῶν ἱματίων, διὰ τοῦ ἤθους, διὰ τῶν ῥημάτων, διὰ τοῦ κόσμου τοῦ περικειμένου, διὰ τῆς ἐρημίας, διὰ τῆς μονώσεως, διὰ τοῦ λανθάνειν, διὰ τοῦ πλούτου, διὰ τῆς δυναστείας, ἔχουσαν μετὰ τούτων συνεργόν, ὅπερ ἔμπροσθεν εἶπον, τὴν ἡλικίαν, τὴν φύσιν, τὴν δουλείαν, τὸ ἐν ἀλλοτρίᾳ εἶναι, πᾶσαν ἐνίκησε τὴν φλόγα ἐκείνην. 10.13 Ἐγὼ τοῦτον τὸν πειρασμὸν καὶ τοῦ φθόνου τῶν ἀδελφῶν καὶ τοῦ μίσους τοῦ συγγενικοῦ καὶ τῆς πράσεως καὶ τῆς τῶν βαρβάρων δεσποτείας καὶ τῆς μακρᾶς ἀποδημίας καὶ τῆς ἐν ἀλλοτρίᾳ διατριβῆς καὶ τοῦ δεσμωτηρίου καὶ τῆς ἁλύσεως καὶ τοῦ μακροῦ χρόνου καὶ τῆς αὐτόθι ταλαιπωρίας πολὺ χαλεπώτερον εἶναί φημι· καὶ γὰρ περὶ τῶν ἐσχάτων ὁ κίνδυνος ἦν. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ καὶ τοῦτον διέφυγε τὸν πόλεμον, καὶ ἐγένετο ἐνταῦθα πνεῦμα δρόσου διασυρίζον, ἀπό τε τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ χάριτος καὶ τῆς ἀρετῆς τοῦ νέου· τοσοῦτο γὰρ αὐτῷ περιῆν ἀταραξίας καὶ σωφροσύνης ὅτι καὶ τὴν τῆς ἐκείνης μανίαν καταλῦσαι ἐσπούδασε· πλὴν ἐπειδὴ αὐτὸς ἐξῆλθεν ἀνέπαφος, ὥσπερ οἱ νεανίσκοι τὴν Περσικὴν διαφυγόντες φλόγα-»οὐδὲ γὰρ ὀσμὴ πυρὸς ἦν ἐν αὐτοῖς» φησί- , καὶ σωφροσύνης μέγας ἀθλητὴς ἀνεδείχθη καὶ ἀδάμαντα ἐμιμήσατο. Ἴδωμεν οἵων εὐθέως ἀπήλαυσε καὶ τί μετὰ τὸν ἆθλον τοῦτον διαδέχεται τὸν στεφανίτην. Ἐπιβουλαὶ πάλιν καὶ βάραθρα καὶ θάνατος καὶ κίνδυνοι καὶ συκοφαντίαι καὶ μῖσος ἄλογον. Ἡ γὰρ ἀθλία τότε ἐκείνη ὑπὸ τῆς χαλεπῆς μανίας ἐμβακχευομένη θυμῷ παραμυθεῖται τὸν ἔρωτα καὶ πάθος συνάπτει πάθει καὶ ἐπιθυμίᾳ ἀκολάστῳ προστίθησιν ὀργὴν ἄδικον, καὶ μετὰ τὴν μοιχείαν γίνεται καὶ ἀνδροφόνος. Καὶ πνέουσα θηριωδίας πολλῆς καὶ φόνιον βλέπουσα καθίζει δικαστήριον διεφθαρμένον, τὸν ἐκείνου δεσπότην, τὸν ἄνδρα τὸν ἑαυτῆς, τὸν βάρβαρον, τὸν Αἰγύπτιον, καὶ εἰσάγει κατηγορίαν ἀμάρτυρον. Καὶ οὐδὲ ἀφίησιν εἰσελθεῖν εἰς δικαστήριον τὸν ἐγκαλούμενον, ἀλλ' ἐρήμην κατηγορεῖ τῇ τε ἀνοίᾳ καὶ τῇ εὐνοίᾳ τοῦ δικάζοντος, τῇ τε ἀξιοπιστίᾳ τοῦ οἰκείου προσώπου καὶ τῷ δοῦλον εἶναι τὸν ἐγκαλούμενον θαρροῦσα καὶ τὰ ἐναντία εἰποῦσα τῶν γενομένων ἐκράτησε τοῦ δικαστοῦ καὶ τὴν νικῶσαν ἔπεισε ψῆφον ἐξενεγκεῖν καὶ καταδικάσαι τὸν ἀνεύθυνον καὶ τιμωρίαν ἐπιθεῖναι χαλεπωτάτην, καὶ δεσμωτήριον εὐθέως καὶ ἀπαγωγὴ καὶ ἅλυσις. Καὶ μηδὲ ἰδὼν δικαστὴν κατεκρίνετο ὁ θαυμάσιος ἐκεῖνος ἀνὴρ καὶ τὸ δὴ χαλεπώτερον, κατεκρίνετο ὡς μοιχός, ὡς δεσποτικῆς ἐπιθυ μήσας εὐνῆς, ὡς ἀλλότριον διορύξας γάμον, ὡς ἁλούς, ὡς ἐληλεγμένος. Ὅ τε γὰρ δικαστής, ἥ τε κατήγορος παρὰ τοῖς πολλοῖς καὶ τὴν ἀλήθειαν οὐκ εἰδόσιν, ἥ τε τιμωρία ἀξιόπιστον ἐποίει τὸ δρᾶμα φαίνεσθαι. Ἀλλ' οὐδὲν τούτων ἐθορύβησεν ἐκεῖνον, οὔτε εἶπεν· «Αὗται τῶν ὀνείρων αἱ ἀμοιβαί; τοῦτο τῶν ὄψεων ἐκείνων τὸ τέλος; ταῦτα τῆς σωφροσύνης τὰ ἔπαθλα; Κρίσις ἄλογος καὶ ψῆφος ἄδικος καὶ πονηρὰ πάλιν ὑπόληψις. Ὡς ἡταιρηκὼς ἐξεβλήθην ἔναγχος τῆς πατρῴας οἰκίας, ὡς μοιχὸς καὶ σωφροσύνην διορύξας γυναικὸς εἰς δεσμωτήριον εἰσάγομαι νῦν καὶ ταῦτα περὶ ἐμοῦ πάντες ψηφίζονται. Καὶ οἱ μὲν ἀδελφοί, οἱ μέλλοντές με προσκυνεῖν -τοῦτο γὰρ τὰ ὀνείρατα ἐδήλου-, ἐν ἐλευθερίᾳ καὶ ἀδείᾳ καὶ τρυφῇ καὶ πατρίδι καὶ οἰκίᾳ πατρῴᾳ· ἐγὼ δὲ ὁ μέλλων αὐτῶν κρατεῖν, μετὰ τυμβωρύχων, μετὰ λῃστῶν, μετὰ βαλαντιοτόμων ἐνταῦθα δέδεμαι· οὔτε μετὰ τὸ τῆς πατρίδος ἐκπεσεῖν θορύβων ἀπαλλαττόμενος καὶ πραγμάτων, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν ἀλλοτρίᾳ πάλιν βάραθρα ἡμᾶς καὶ ξίφη ἠκονημένα διαδέχεται. Καὶ ἡ μὲν τοιαῦτα δράσασα καὶ συκοφαντήσασα, δι' ἑκατέρων τῶν τολμημάτων ἀποτμηθῆναι δικαία, χορεύει καὶ σκιρτᾷ νῦν ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τροπαίοις καὶ λαμπροῖς ἐπινικίοις ἐστεφανωμένη· ἐγὼ δὲ ὁ μηδὲν ἠδικηκὼς τὴν ἐσχάτην τίνω δίκην.» Οὐδὲν τούτων ἐκεῖνος εἶπεν, οὐδὲ ἐνενόησεν· ἀλλ' ὥσπερ ἀθλητὴς διὰ στεφάνων ὁδεύων, οὕτως ἔχαιρε καὶ ηὐφραίνετο, οὔτε τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς, οὔτε τῇ μοιχαλίδι μνησικακῶν. Πόθεν τοῦτο δῆλον; Ἐξ ὧν αὐτὸς πρός τινα τῶν αὐτόθεν δεδεμένων διελέχθη τότε. Τοσοῦτον γὰρ ἀπεῖχεν ὑπὸ ἀθυμίας ἁλῶναι ὅτι καὶ ἑτέροις ἔλυσε λύπας. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ εἶδέ τινας αὐτόθι τεταραγμένους καὶ συγκεχυμένους καὶ ἀθυμοῦντας, προσῆλθεν εὐθέως τὴν αἰτίαν εἰσόμενος. Καὶ μαθὼν ὅτι ἐξ ὄψεως ὀνειράτων ὁ θόρυβος ἦν, διέλυσε τὰ ὀνείρατα. Εἶτα παρακαλῶν ἀναμνῆσαι τὸν βασιλέα, τῆς ἀπαλλαγῆς ἕνεκεν τῆς αὐτοῦ, εἰ γὰρ καὶ γενναῖος καὶ θαυμαστὸς ἦν, ἀλλ' ἄνθρωπος ἦν καὶ οὐκ ἐβούλετο ταῖς ἁλύσεσιν ἐνταλαιπωρεῖσθαι ἐκείναις, παρακαλῶν τοίνυν μνησθῆναι αὐτοῦ πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα καὶ πεῖσαι ἀφεῖναι αὐτὸν τῶν δεσμῶν, καὶ ἀναγκαζόμενος καὶ τὴν αἰτίαν εἰπεῖν, δι' ἣν ἐνεβέβλητο, ὥστε κἀκεῖνον τὸν ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ δεόμενον εὐπρόσωπον ἔχειν πρόφασιν τῆς ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ συνηγορίας, οὐδενὸς ἐμνημόνευσε τῶν ἠδικηκότων, ἀλλ' ἀπαλλάξας ἑαυτὸν τῶν ἐγκλημάτων ἔστη μέχρι τούτου μόνον καὶ οὐ προσέθηκε τοὺς εἰς αὐτὸν πεπλημμεληκότας. Καὶ γάρ· «Ἐγώ, φησί, κλοπῇ ἐκλάπην ἐκ γῆς Ἑβραίων καὶ ὧδε οὐκ ἐποίησα οὐδὲν καὶ ἐνέβαλόν με εἰς τὸν λάκκον τοῦτον.» Καὶ τίνος ἕνεκεν οὐ λέγεις τὴν πόρνην, τὴν μοιχαλίδα, τοὺς ἀδελφοκτόνους, τὸν φθόνον, τὸν φόνον, τὴν πρᾶσιν, τὴν μανίαν τῆς δεσποίνης, τὴν ἔφοδον, τὴν ἀκολασίαν, τὰ δίκτυα, τὰ μηχανήματα, τὴν συκοφαντίαν, τὴν ἄδικον κρίσιν, τὸν διεφθαρμένον δικαστήν, τὴν παράνομον ἀπόφασιν, τὴν καταδίκην τὴν οὐκ ἔχουσαν λόγον; ∆ιὰ τί ταῦτα σιγᾷς καὶ ἀποκρύπτεις; Ὅτι μνησικακεῖν οὐκ οἶδα, φησίν, ὅτι ἐμοὶ ταῦτα στέφανοι καὶ βραβεῖα καὶ μείζονος ἐμπορίας ὑπόθεσις. 10.14 Εἶδες ψυχὴν φιλόσοφον; εἶδες τῆς ὀργῆς καθαρὰν καὶ τῶν δεινῶν ὑψηλοτέραν; εἶδες συναλγοῦντα τοῖς ἠδικηκόσι μᾶλλον ἢ μνησικακοῦντα; Ὥστε γὰρ μήτε τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς εἰς μέσον ἐνεγκεῖν, μήτε τὴν αἱμοβόρον ἐκείνην· «Κλοπῇ, φησίν, ἐκλάπην ἐκ γῆς Ἑβραίων καὶ ὧδε οὐκ ἐποίησα οὐδέν.» Καὶ οὐδαμοῦ προσώπου μέμνηται, οὐδὲ τοῦ λάκκου, οὐδὲ τῶν Ἰσμαηλιτῶν, οὐδὲ ἄλλου οὐδενός. Ἀλλ' ὅμως καὶ κατὰ ταῦτα αὐτὸν οὐχ ὁ τυχὼν διεδέξατο πειρασμός. Ὁ γὰρ τοσαύτης παρ' αὐτοῦ παρακλήσεως τυχὼν καὶ τῶν δεσμῶν κατὰ τὴν τούτου πρόρρησιν ἐλευθερωθεὶς καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν προτέραν ἐπαναχθεὶς τιμήν, τῆς εὐεργεσίας ἐπελάθετο καὶ τῆς τοῦ δικαίου ἱκετηρίας. Καὶ ὁ μὲν οἰκέτης ἐν βασιλικαῖς ἦν αὐλαῖς πολλῆς ἀπολαύων εὐημερίας· ὁ δὲ ὑπὲρ τὸν ἥλιον λάμπων καὶ οὕτω φαιδρὰς ἀφιεὶς τῆς ἀρετῆς τὰς ἀκτῖνας, ἔτι δεσμωτήριον ᾤκει, καὶ οὐδεὶς ἦν ὁ ἀναμνήσων τὸν βασιλέα. Ἐχρῆν γὰρ αὐτῷ ἔτι πλείους πλακῆναι τοὺς στεφάνους καὶ μείζονα παρασκευασθῆναι τὰ βραβεῖα· διὸ καὶ μακρότεροι τῶν δρόμων οἱ δίαυλοι τότε ἐπήγνυντο, ἐῶντος μὲν τοῦ Θεοῦ μένειν τὰ σκάμματα, οὐ μὴν τέλεον ἐγκαταλιμπάνοντος, ἀλλὰ τοσοῦτον συγχωροῦντος τοῖς ἐπιβουλεύουσιν τὰ αὐτῶν ἐπιδείκνυσθαι ὅσον μηδὲ ἀφανίσαι τὸν ἀθλητήν, μηδὲ ἐκποδὼν ποιῆσαι τῆς ἀρετῆς τὸν ἀνταγωνιστήν. Εἰς λάκκον μὲν γὰρ αὐτὸν ἐμβληθῆναι συνεχώρησε καὶ τὸ ἱμάτιον αἱμαχθῆναι, εἰς δὲ σφαγὴν αὐτοὺς ἐλθεῖν οὐκ ἀφῆκεν· ἀλλὰ συνεβούλευσε μὲν τοῦτο ὁ ἀδελφός, τὸ δὲ πᾶν τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ προνοίας ἐγένετο. Τοῦτο καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς Αἰγυπτιακῆς συνέβη γυναικός. Τίνος γὰρ ἕνεκεν, εἰπέ μοι, ὁ θερμὸς οὕτω καὶ ἀκόλαστος-ἴστε γὰρ τῶν Αἰγυπτίων τὸ γένος ὡς θυμῶδες καὶ ὀργίλον· καὶ γὰρ τοῦτο μεθ' ὑπερβολῆς αὐτοῖς πρόσεστι τὸ πάθος-ὃν ἐπίστευσεν εἶναι μοιχὸν καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα ἠδικηκέναι τὴν αὐτοῦ, οὐκ ἀπέτεμεν εὐθέως, οὐδὲ πυρὶ παρέδωκεν, ἀλλ' οὕτως ἀλόγιστος ὢν ὡς ἐκ μιᾶς μοίρας ἀποφήνασθαι, καὶ μηδὲ λόγου μεταδοῦναι τῷ ἐγκαλουμένῳ, ἐν τῷ καιρῷ τῆς τιμωρίας πολλὴν ἐπιείκειαν ἐπεδείξατο, καίτοι γε ὁρῶν τὴν γυναῖκα μαινομένην, λυττῶσαν, βίαν ἀποδυρομένην, τὰ ἱμάτια διερρωγότα περιφέρουσαν καὶ μειζόνως καὶ ἐντεῦθεν ἐκκαιομένην καὶ θρηνοῦ σαν καὶ ὁλοφυρομένην; Ἀλλ' ὅμως τούτων οὐδὲν αὐτὸν εἰς σφαγὴν ἐξῆψε. Πόθεν, εἰπέ μοι; Οὐκ εὔδηλον ὅτι ὁ τοὺς λέοντας χαλινώσας καὶ τὴν κάμινον καταψύξας, οὗτος καὶ θηρίου τούτου τὸν ἄμετρον ἐπέσχε θυμὸν καὶ τὴν ἄφατον ὀργὴν ἔσβεσεν, ὡς κερασθῆναι συμμέτρως τὴν τιμωρίαν; Τοῦτο καὶ ἐν τῷ δεσμωτηρίῳ συμβὰν ἴδοι τις ἄν. ∆εθῆναι μὲν γὰρ αὐτὸν συνεχώρησε καὶ μετὰ τῶν καταδίκων εἶναι, τῆς δὲ τοῦ δεσμοφύλακος ἀπηνείας ἐξήρπασεν. Οἶσθα γὰρ οἷόν ἐστι δεσμοφύλαξ· ἀλλ' ἐκείνῳ τότε πρᾷος καὶ ἥμερος ἦν καὶ οὐ μόνον οὐκ ἀπέτεινεν αὐτὸν πόνοις τισίν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἄρχοντα πάντων ἐποίησε τῶν αὐτόθι καὶ ταῦτα ὡς μοιχὸν δεξάμενος, κατάδικον καὶ μοιχὸν ἐπίσημον. Οὐ γὰρ εἰς οἰκίαν εὐτελῆ, ἀλλ' εἰς μεγάλην καὶ λαμπρὰν τὸ δρᾶμα τοῦτο τετολμῆσθαι ἐνομίζετο. Ἀλλ' ὅμως οὐδὲν τούτων ἐκεῖνον ἐφόβησεν, οὐδὲ ἔπεισεν ἐκείνῳ γενέσθαι χαλεπόν. Ἀλλὰ καὶ οἱ στέφανοι ἀπὸ τῶν παθημάτων ἐπλέκοντο τῷ δικαίῳ καὶ ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ συμμαχία μετὰ πολλῆς ἐπέρρει τῆς δαψιλείας. Ἐβουλόμην καὶ ἕτερον προσθεῖναι τῇ ἐπιστολῇ μῆκος· ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ καὶ τοῦτο μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς περιουσίας οἶμαι τὸ μέτρον αὐτῆς ὑπερβεβηκέναι, ἐνταῦθα καταλύσας τὸν λόγον ἐκεῖνο παρακαλῶ σου τὴν εὐλάβειαν ὅπερ ἀεὶ διετέλεσα παρακαλῶν, ἀθυμίας μὲν ἀπαλλάττεσθαι, δοξάζουσαν δὲ τὸν Θεόν -ὅπερ ἀεὶ πεποίηκάς τε καὶ ποιεῖς διατελεῖν-χάριτας ὁμολογοῦσαν ὑπὲρ πάντων αὐτῷ τῶν χαλεπῶν τούτων καὶ ὀδυνηρῶν. Οὕτω γὰρ καὶ αὐτὴ τὰ μέγιστα ἀγαθὰ καρπώσῃ καὶ τῷ διαβόλῳ καιρίαν δώσεις πληγὴν καὶ πολλὴν ἡμῖν παρέξεις παράκλησιν καὶ τῆς ἀθυμίας τὸ νέφος μετὰ πολλῆς ἀφανίσαι δυνήσῃ τῆς εὐκολίας καὶ καθαρᾶς ἀπολαῦσαι γαλήνης. Μὴ δὴ καταμαλακίζου, ἀλλ' ἀνενεγκοῦσα ἀπὸ τοῦ καπνοῦ τούτου- καπνοῦ γάρ, ἐὰν θέλῃς, ῥᾷον διασκεδάσεις πᾶσαν τὴν ἀθυμίαν ταύτην- , δῆλον τοῦτο πάλιν ποίησον ἡμῖν, ἵνα καὶ πόρρωθεν ὄντες, πολλὴν ἀπὸ τῶν τοιούτων γραμμάτων καρπωσώμεθα τὴν εὐφροσύνην.
Revision history
- 2026-05-27v2.2.34-import
Initial corpus import from modern chrysostom olympias 10 v1.
Fields: letter text, metadata, source links. Source: https://catholiclibrary.org/library/view?docId=Fathers-Synchronized-OR%2FJohn_Chrysostom__Epistulae_ad_Olympiadem.gr.html
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